NUMERICAL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZING THE PARAMETERS FOR LASER-BEAM WELDING OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIAL
Keywords:
laser beam welding, high-temperature materials, ferritic stainless steel, sustainable manufacturing
Abstract
Ferritic stainless steel (FSS) is one of the high-temperature materials, used in many industries for sustainable applications such as power plants, automotive, offshore and chemical industries. Joining these materials is challenging due to the formation of an intermetallic and the grain growth with high-heat-input welding methods. Laser beam welding (LBW) that uses a low heat input was used successfully to join AISI 409 FSS tubes. In this work the welding speed and focal distance were varied as per a two-factor, three-level face-centred central composite design (FCCCD) to join AISI 409 FSS. A numerical model was developed to correlate the relationship between the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and LBW process parameters. The validation of the developed model was carried out using the analysis of variance. Both welding speed and focal distance have a significant effect on determining the UTS. The optimised process parameters provided for a better UTS as reported in this paper.
References
1. M.A. Khattak, S. Zaman, S. Kazi, H. Ahmed, H.M. Habib, H.M. Alie, M.N. Tamin, Failure investigation of welded 430 stainless steel plates for conveyor belts, Engineering Failure Analysis, 116 (2020) 104754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104754
2. Z. Dong, Y. Li, B. Lee, A. Babkin, Y. Chang, Research status of welding technology of ferritic stainless steel, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 118 (2022) 2805-2831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08128-6
3. M. Alizadeh-Sh, S.P.H. Marashi, M. Pouranvari, Resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel: Phase transformations and mechanical properties, Materials and Design, 56 (2014) 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.022
4. S. Anttila, P. Karjalainen, S. Lantto, Mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steel welds in using type 409 and 430 filler metals, Welding in the World, 57 (2013) 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-013-0033-7
5. C.C. Silva, J.P. Fariasa, H.C. Miranda, R.F. Guimarãesa, J.W.A. Menezesb, M.A.M. Neto, Microstructural characterization of the HAZ in AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel welds, Materials Characterization 59 (2008) 5, 528–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.03.011
6. A.K. Lisiecka, A.Lisiecki, Laser welding of the new grade of advanced High-Strength steel Domex 960, Materiali in Tehnologije/Materials and Technology, 51 (2017) 2, 199–204. https://doi:10.17222/mit.2015.158
7. K.M. Hong, Y.C. Shin, Prospects of laser welding technology in the automotive industry: A review, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 245 (2017) 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.02.008
8. M.P. Prabakaran, G.R. Kannan, Optimization of laser welding process parameters in dissimilar joint of stainless steel AISI316/AISI1018 low carbon steel to attain the maximum level of mechanical properties through PWHT, Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 15, 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.11.035
9. S.Chatterjee, S.S.Mahapatra, V.Bharadwaj, B.N. Upadhyay, K.S. Bindra, J.Thomas, Parametric appraisal of mechanical and metallurgical behavior of butt welded joints using pulsed Nd:YAG laser on thin sheets of AISI 316, Optics and Laser Technology 117 (2019) 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.04.004
10. L. Cao, Y. Yang, P. Jiang, Q. Zhou, G. Mi, Z. Gao, Y. Rong, C. Wang, Optimization of processing parameters of AISI 316L laser welding influenced by external magnetic field combining RBFNN and GA, Results in Physics. 7 (2017) 1329–1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.03.029
11. K.R. Balasubramanian, G. Buvanashekaran, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, Modeling of laser beam welding of stainless-steel sheet butt joint using neural networks, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 3 (2010) 1, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.07.001
12. M. Ragavendran, N. Chandrasekhar, R. Ravikumar, R. Saxena, M. Vasudevan, A.K. Bhaduri, Optimization of hybrid laser–TIG welding of 316LN steel using response surface methodology (RSM), Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 94 (2017) 27–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2017.02.015
13. P. Jiang, C. Wang, Q. Zhou, X. Shao, L. Shu, X. Li, Optimization of laser welding process parameters of stainless steel 316L using FEM, Kriging and NSGA-II, Advances in Engineering Software, 99 (2016) 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.06.006
14. A.Torabi, F. Kolahan, Optimizing pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam welding process parameters to attain maximum ultimate tensile strength for thin AISI316L sheet using response surface methodology and simulated annealing algorithm, Optics & Laser Technology, 103 (2018) 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.12.042
15. K.Y. Benyounis, A.G. Olabi, M.S.J. Hashmi, Effect of laser welding parameters on
the heat input and weld-bead profile, Journal of Materials Processing and Technology. 164–165 (2006) 15, 978–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.060
16. H. Vahiddastjerdi, A. Rezaeian, M.R. Toroghinejad, G. Dinib, E. Ghassemali, Optimizing pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding of high-Mn TWIP steel using response surface methodology technique, Optics & Laser Technology 120 (2019) 105721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105721
17. A.G. Olabi, F.O.Alsinani, A.A.Alabdulkarim , A.Ruggiero, L.Tricarico, K.Y.Benyounis, Optimizing theCO2 laser welding process for dissimilar materials, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 51 (2013) 7, 832–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.01.024
18. N. Sivagurumanikandan, S. Saravanan, G.S. Kumar, S. Raju, K. Raghukandan, Prediction and optimization of process parameters to enhance the tensile strength of Nd: YAG laser welded super duplex stainless steel, Optik 157 (2018) 833–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.11.146
19. N. Kumar, M.Mukherjee, A.Bandyopadhyay, Comparative study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI304 and AISI 316stainless steels, Optics & LaserTechnology 88 (2017) 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.08.018
20. M.R. Pakmanesh, M. Shamanian, Optimization of pulsed laser welding process parameters in order to attain minimum underfill and undercut defects in thin 316L stainless steel foils, Optics & Laser Technology, 99 (2018) 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.047
21. A. A. Narayanan, R. S. Sudheesh, Optimization of tribological properties of an epoxy hybrid polymer composite reinforced with ZrB2 and PTFE particles using response surface methodology for high-temperature tribological applications, Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 55 (2021) 6, 799–807. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2021.239
22. M.T. Mao, H.J. Guo, F. Wang, X.L. Sun, Effect of Cooling Rate on the Solidification Microstructure and Characteristics of Primary Carbides in H13 Steel, ISIJ International, 59 (2019) 5, 848–857. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-524
23. P.V.S. Lakshminarayana, J.P. Gautam, P. Mastanaiah, G.M. Reddy, K.B.S. Rao, Influence of beam power and Traverse speed in Fibre Laser welding of dual Phase steel (590) on depth of WELD zone penetration, microstructure and hardness, Materials Today: Proceedings, 5 (2018) 9, 17132-17138 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.121
2. Z. Dong, Y. Li, B. Lee, A. Babkin, Y. Chang, Research status of welding technology of ferritic stainless steel, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 118 (2022) 2805-2831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08128-6
3. M. Alizadeh-Sh, S.P.H. Marashi, M. Pouranvari, Resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel: Phase transformations and mechanical properties, Materials and Design, 56 (2014) 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.022
4. S. Anttila, P. Karjalainen, S. Lantto, Mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steel welds in using type 409 and 430 filler metals, Welding in the World, 57 (2013) 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-013-0033-7
5. C.C. Silva, J.P. Fariasa, H.C. Miranda, R.F. Guimarãesa, J.W.A. Menezesb, M.A.M. Neto, Microstructural characterization of the HAZ in AISI 444 ferritic stainless steel welds, Materials Characterization 59 (2008) 5, 528–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.03.011
6. A.K. Lisiecka, A.Lisiecki, Laser welding of the new grade of advanced High-Strength steel Domex 960, Materiali in Tehnologije/Materials and Technology, 51 (2017) 2, 199–204. https://doi:10.17222/mit.2015.158
7. K.M. Hong, Y.C. Shin, Prospects of laser welding technology in the automotive industry: A review, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 245 (2017) 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.02.008
8. M.P. Prabakaran, G.R. Kannan, Optimization of laser welding process parameters in dissimilar joint of stainless steel AISI316/AISI1018 low carbon steel to attain the maximum level of mechanical properties through PWHT, Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 15, 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.11.035
9. S.Chatterjee, S.S.Mahapatra, V.Bharadwaj, B.N. Upadhyay, K.S. Bindra, J.Thomas, Parametric appraisal of mechanical and metallurgical behavior of butt welded joints using pulsed Nd:YAG laser on thin sheets of AISI 316, Optics and Laser Technology 117 (2019) 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.04.004
10. L. Cao, Y. Yang, P. Jiang, Q. Zhou, G. Mi, Z. Gao, Y. Rong, C. Wang, Optimization of processing parameters of AISI 316L laser welding influenced by external magnetic field combining RBFNN and GA, Results in Physics. 7 (2017) 1329–1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.03.029
11. K.R. Balasubramanian, G. Buvanashekaran, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, Modeling of laser beam welding of stainless-steel sheet butt joint using neural networks, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 3 (2010) 1, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.07.001
12. M. Ragavendran, N. Chandrasekhar, R. Ravikumar, R. Saxena, M. Vasudevan, A.K. Bhaduri, Optimization of hybrid laser–TIG welding of 316LN steel using response surface methodology (RSM), Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 94 (2017) 27–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2017.02.015
13. P. Jiang, C. Wang, Q. Zhou, X. Shao, L. Shu, X. Li, Optimization of laser welding process parameters of stainless steel 316L using FEM, Kriging and NSGA-II, Advances in Engineering Software, 99 (2016) 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.06.006
14. A.Torabi, F. Kolahan, Optimizing pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam welding process parameters to attain maximum ultimate tensile strength for thin AISI316L sheet using response surface methodology and simulated annealing algorithm, Optics & Laser Technology, 103 (2018) 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.12.042
15. K.Y. Benyounis, A.G. Olabi, M.S.J. Hashmi, Effect of laser welding parameters on
the heat input and weld-bead profile, Journal of Materials Processing and Technology. 164–165 (2006) 15, 978–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.060
16. H. Vahiddastjerdi, A. Rezaeian, M.R. Toroghinejad, G. Dinib, E. Ghassemali, Optimizing pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding of high-Mn TWIP steel using response surface methodology technique, Optics & Laser Technology 120 (2019) 105721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105721
17. A.G. Olabi, F.O.Alsinani, A.A.Alabdulkarim , A.Ruggiero, L.Tricarico, K.Y.Benyounis, Optimizing theCO2 laser welding process for dissimilar materials, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 51 (2013) 7, 832–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.01.024
18. N. Sivagurumanikandan, S. Saravanan, G.S. Kumar, S. Raju, K. Raghukandan, Prediction and optimization of process parameters to enhance the tensile strength of Nd: YAG laser welded super duplex stainless steel, Optik 157 (2018) 833–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.11.146
19. N. Kumar, M.Mukherjee, A.Bandyopadhyay, Comparative study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI304 and AISI 316stainless steels, Optics & LaserTechnology 88 (2017) 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.08.018
20. M.R. Pakmanesh, M. Shamanian, Optimization of pulsed laser welding process parameters in order to attain minimum underfill and undercut defects in thin 316L stainless steel foils, Optics & Laser Technology, 99 (2018) 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.047
21. A. A. Narayanan, R. S. Sudheesh, Optimization of tribological properties of an epoxy hybrid polymer composite reinforced with ZrB2 and PTFE particles using response surface methodology for high-temperature tribological applications, Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 55 (2021) 6, 799–807. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2021.239
22. M.T. Mao, H.J. Guo, F. Wang, X.L. Sun, Effect of Cooling Rate on the Solidification Microstructure and Characteristics of Primary Carbides in H13 Steel, ISIJ International, 59 (2019) 5, 848–857. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-524
23. P.V.S. Lakshminarayana, J.P. Gautam, P. Mastanaiah, G.M. Reddy, K.B.S. Rao, Influence of beam power and Traverse speed in Fibre Laser welding of dual Phase steel (590) on depth of WELD zone penetration, microstructure and hardness, Materials Today: Proceedings, 5 (2018) 9, 17132-17138 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.121
Published
2024-02-06
How to Cite
1.
Palanivel R, Krishnan TM, Alqurashi Y, Rasheed MA. NUMERICAL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZING THE PARAMETERS FOR LASER-BEAM WELDING OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIAL. MatTech [Internet]. 2024Feb.6 [cited 2024Sep.7];58(1):25–31. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/990
Section
Articles
