A NEW METHOD OF DETERMINING FACIAL SIZE FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY QUANTIFICATION

Miha Verdenik; Nataša Ihan Hren; Žiga Kadivnik; Igor Drstvenšek

Miha Verdenik Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Nataša Ihan Hren Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Žiga Kadivnik Ortotip LLC, Obrtna ulica 40, 9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia
Igor Drstvenšek Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

Keywords: 3D, facial, size, photogrammetry

Abstract

Contemporary craniofacial surgery includes the pre- and post-operative optical 3D scanning of faces as a method for diagnosing and verifying the achieved results. The influence of head size in 3D scans must be excluded in order to accurately and uniformly compare different three-dimensional facial shapes in craniofacial surgery. Regarding this purpose, different head-size parameters must be measured to obtain the scaling factor. A special device, a so-called head ring, has been produced as a structure that can be fixed to a person’s head. Among defined points, different linear distances (head width, length and height) and volumetric parameters (lower and upper head volumes) were calculated and compared to body-size measurements. Measurements were performed on 3D scans of the heads of 26 healthy adults with normocclusion (12 men and 14 women) taken using the head ring set. Body mass index (BMI) statistically significantly correlates with the lower and whole-head volume in men, while in women more precisely with the upper-head volume. BMI in men does not correlate with any linear distance, while in women it is closely connected to the facial width. In men the head width and lower head volume are the main contributors to head size, while in women the crown-to-chin length and upper volume determine the size of the head. A conclusion can be made that the correlation between the head volume, the BMI and the linear head parameters exists and is gender dependent.

References

1 M. Y. Hajeer, A. F. Ayoub, D. T. Millett, M. Bock, J. P. Siebert, Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: the clinical application of a new method, Int. J. Adult Orthodon. Orthognath. Surg., 17 (2002) 4, 318–30
2 R. J. Hennessy, J. P. Moss, Facial growth: separating shape from size, Eur. J. Orthod., 23 (2001) 3, 275–85, doi:10.1093/ejo/23.3.275
3 C. H. Kau, S. Richmond, Three-dimensional imaging for orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery. 2010, Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.; Ames, Iowa
4 M. J. Ravosa, Effects of brain and facial size on basicranial form in human and primate evolution, J. Hum. Evol., 58 (2010) 5, 424–31, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.001
5 C. H. Kau, J. Knox, A. I. Zhurov, S. Richmond, Validity and reliablity of a portable 3D optical scannind device for field studies., 7th European Craniofacial Congress, Bologna 2004
6 M. Rana, N. C. Gellrich, U. Joos, J. Piffko, W. Kater, 3D evaluation of postoperative swelling using two different cooling methods following orthognathic surgery: a randomised observer blind prospective pilot study, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 40 (2011) 7, 690–6, doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2011.02.015
7 T. J. Verhoeven, C. Coppen, R. Barkhuysen, E. M. Bronkhorst, M. A. Merkx, S. J. Berge, T. J. Maal, Three dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry after mandibular reconstruction: validation of a new method using stereophotogrammetry, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 42 (2013) 1, 19–25, doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2012.05.036
8 M. Bozic, C. H. Kau, S. Richmond, M. Ovsenik, N. I. Hren, Novel method of 3-dimensional soft-tissue analysis for Class III patients, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 138 (2010) 6, 758–69, doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.01.033
9 M. Bozic, C. H. Kau, S. Richmond, N. I. Hren, A. Zhurov, M. Udovic, S. Melink, M. Ovsenik, Facial morphology of Slovenian and Welsh white populations using 3-dimensional imaging, Angle Orthod., 79 (2009) 4, 640–5
10 L. G. Farkas, M. J. Katic, C. R. Forrest, K. W. Alt, I. Bagic, G. Baltadjiev, E. Cunha, M. Cvicelova, S. Davies, I. Erasmus, R. Gillett-Netting, K. Hajnis, A. Kemkes-Grottenthaler, I. Khomyakova, A. Kumi, J. S. Kgamphe, N. Kayo-daigo, T. Le, A. Malinowski, M. Negasheva, S. Manolis, M. Ogeturk, R. Parvizrad, F. Rosing, P. Sahu, C. Sforza, S. Sivkov, N. Sultanova, T. Tomazo-Ravnik, G. Toth, A. Uzun, E. Yahia, International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races, J. Craniofac. Surg., 16 (2005) 4, 615–46
11 S. Ettl, O. Arold, Z. Yang, G. Hausler, Flying triangulation—an optical 3D sensor for the motion-robust acquisition of complex objects, Applied Optics, 51 (2011) 2, 281–9
12 A. Rosas, M. Bastir, Thin-plate spline analysis of allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 117 (2002) 3, 236–45, doi:10.1002/ajpa.10023
13 J. C. Wells, Sexual dimorphism of body composition, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 21 (2007) 3, 415–30, doi:10.1016/ j.beem.2007.04.007
14 F. Fang, P. J. Clapham, K. C. Chung, A systematic review of interethnic variability in facial dimensions, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 127 (2011) 2, 874–81, doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318200afdb
15 S. E. Bishara, G. J. Jorgensen, J. R. Jakobsen, Changes in facial dimensions assessed from lateral and frontal photographs. Part I—Methodology, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 108 (1995) 4, 389–93
16 L. G. Farkas, J. C. Posnick, T. M. Hreczko, Anthropometric growth study of the head, Cleft Palate Craniofac. J., 29 (1992) 4, 303–8
17 F. J. Hahn, W. K. Chu, J. Y. Cheung, CT measurements of cranial growth: normal subjects, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 142 (1984) 6, 1253–5, doi:10.2214/ajr.142.6.1253
18 E. Wikberg, P. Bernhardt, G. Maltese, P. Tarnow, J. H. Lagerlof, L. Kolby, A new computer tool for systematic evaluation of intracranial volume and its capacity to evaluate the result of the operation for metopic synostosis, J. Plast. Surg. Hand Surg., 46 (2012) 6, 393–8, doi:10.3109/2000656X.2012.718716
19 M. J. Baer, Dimensional changes in the human head and face in the third decade of life, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 14 (1956) 4, 557–75
20 O. P. Kharbanda, S. S. Sidhu, K. R. Sundrum, Vertical proportions of face: a cephalometric study, Int. J. Orthod., 29 (1991) 3–4, 6–8
21 A. Björk, The Face in Profile: An Anthropological X-ray Investigation on Swedish Children and Conscripts. 1972, Odontologisk Boghandels Forlag
22 M. M. Chakravarty, R. Aleong, G. Leonard, M. Perron, G. B. Pike, L. Richer, S. Veillette, Z. Pausova, T. Paus, Automated analysis of craniofacial morphology using magnetic resonance images, PLoS One, 6 (2011) 5, e20241, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020241
23 R. J. Hennessy, S. McLearie, A. Kinsella, J. L. Waddington, Facial surface analysis by 3D laser scanning and geometric morphometrics in relation to sexual dimorphism in cerebral—craniofacial morphogenesis and cognitive function, J. Anat., 207 (2005) 3, 283–95, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00444.x
24 Z. M. Thayer, S. D. Dobson, Sexual dimorphism in chin shape: implications for adaptive hypotheses, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 143 (2010) 3, 417–25, doi:10.1002/ajpa.21330