ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN LASER ALLOYING OF PURE COPPER
Keywords:
laser surface alloying, copper, temperature distribution, finite-element simulation
Abstract
In many cases, the use of copper is limited by the unsatisfactory properties of its surface layer, i.e., low hardness and wear resistance. Laser surface-layer treatment may be a better alternative to other techniques used in surface engineering intended for the elements, whose high conductivity, combined with high functional properties, is required. In the present work, laser alloying of pure copper with Ni powder is performed. Thermographic measurements during the process and measurements of the melt-pool dimensions after the alloying are performed. A 3-D model of a cylindrical specimen is developed. The enthalpy-based material model involving the phase change is applied. The nickel powder is taken into account with an appropriate value of the workpiece absorptance in the heat flux boundary condition imposed in the moving laser spot area. This study utilized the ANSYS-based Simulation software. Results of the temperature simulation show acceptable agreement with the experiment. The developed model can be used to predict the temperature distribution and identify the workpiece absorptance.
References
1. J.R. Davis, ASM Specialty Handbook. Copper and Copper Alloys.; ASM International, 2001
2. Z. Rdzawski, Alloyed copper; Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice 2009, 229
3. T. Wierzchoń, Structure and properties of multicomponent and composite layers produced by combined surface engineering methods, Surf. Coat. Technol. 180–181 (2004) 458-464, DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.090
4. D. Janicki, Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of in-situ TiC-reinforced composite surface layers fabricated on ductile cast iron by laser alloying, Materials 11 (2018) 75, DOI:10.3390/ma11010075
5. A.Lisiecki, Study of Optical Properties of Surface Layers Produced by Laser Surface Melting and Laser Surface Nitriding of Titanium Alloy, Materials 12 (2019) 3112 DOI:10.3390/ma12193112
6. J. Kusinski, S. Kac, A. Kopia, A., Radziszewska, M. Rozmus-Górnikowska, B. Major, L. Major, J. Marczak, A. Lisiecki, Laser modification of the materials surface layer–a review paper. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 60 (2012) 711-728
7. F. Liu, Ch. Liu, S. Chen, X.Tao, Z. Xu, M. Wang, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser post-treatment Ni-based crack-free coating on copper substrate and its wear properties, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007) 6332-6339, doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.11.038
8. F. Liu, L. Changsheng, Ch. Suiyuan, T. Xingqi, Z. Yong, Laser cladding Ni-Co duplex coating on copper substrate, Opt. Laser Eng. 48 (2010) 792-799, doi: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2010.02.009
9. G. Dehm, M. Bamberger, Laser cladding of Co-based hardfacing on Cu substrate, J. Mater. Sci., 37 (2002) 5345-53
10. K.W. Ng, H.C. Man, F.T.Cheng, T.M. Yue, Laser cladding of copper with molybdenum for wear resistance enhancement in electrical contacts, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 6236 – 41, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.01.086
11. S. Bysakh, K. Chattopadhyay, T. Maiwald, R. Galun, BL.Mordike, Microstructure evolution in laser alloyed layer of Cu-Fe-Al-Si on Cu substrate, Mater Sci Eng A 375-377 (2004) 661-665, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.263
12. J. Domagała-Dubiel, W. Głuchowski, Z. Rdzawski, D. Janicki, A. Kowalski, K. Bilewska, Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties of the copper after laser surface treatment. Proc. of EMC 2019 European Metallurgical Conference 4, 2019, 1529-1539
13. F. Bachmann, Industrial applications of high-power diode lasers in materials processing, Appl. Surf. Sci. 229 (208-209) (2003) 125-136, doi: 10.1016/s0169-4332(02)01349-1
14. S. Barnes, N. Timms, B. Bryden, et al., High power diode laser cladding, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 138 (2003) 411-416, doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00109-2
15. E. Kennedy, G. Byrne, D.N. Collins, J., A review of the use of high power diode lasers in surface hardening, Mater. Process. Technol. 259 (155-156) (2004) 1855–1860; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.276
16. B. De La Batut, O. Fergani, V. Brotan, M. Bambach, M. El Mansouri, Analytical and Numerical Temperature Prediction in Direct Metal Deposition, J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 1 (2017) 3, doi: 10.3390/jmmp1010003
17. K.J. Bathe, Finite element procedures; Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.: Watertown, UK, 2014
18. Z. Luo, Y. Zhao, A survey of finite element analysis of temperature and thermal stress fields in powder bed fusion Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf. 21 (2018) 318-332, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.022
19. O.C. Zienkiewicz, R.L. Taylor, The finite element method; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2000
20. J. Dziatkiewicz, E. Majchrzak, Numerical analysis of laser ablation using the axisymmetric two-temperature model. AIP Conference Proc., 1922, (2017) 0094–243X, doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5019065
21. E. Majchrzak, J. Dziatkiewicz, Second-order two-temperature model of heat transfer processes in a thin metal film subjected to an ultrashort laser pulse, Arch. Mech. 71 (2019) 377-391, doi: 10.24423/aom.3131
22. E. Majchrzak, J. Dziatkiewicz, Ł. Turchan, Analysis of thermal processes occurring in the microdomain subjected to the ultrashort laser pulse using the axisymmetric two-temperature model, Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. 15 (2017) 395-411
23. E. Majchrzak, B. Mochnacki, Numerical Simulation of Thermal Processes in a Domain of Thin Metal Film Subjected to an Ultrashort Laser Pulse, Materials 11 (2018) 2116, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112116
24. E. Majchrzak, Ł. Turchan, Modeling of laser heating of bi-layered microdomain using the general boundary element method, Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. 108 (2019) 438-446
25. E. Majchrzak, General Boundary Element Method for the Dual-Phase Lag Equations Describing the Heating of Two-Layered Thin Metal Films. Engineering Design Applications II. Advanced Structured Materials, 113, Springer, Cham, 2020
26. C.D. Boley, S.C. Mitchell, A.M. Rubenchik, S.S.Q Wu,. Metal powder absorptivity: modeling and experiment, Appl. Opt. 23 (2016) 6496-6500, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.006496
27. M. Bonek, A. Sliwa, J. Mikuła, Computer simulation of the relationship between selected properties of laser remelted tool steel surface layer, Appl. Surf. Sci., 388 (2016) 174-179; doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.256
28. B.Nedjar, An enthalpy-based finite element method for nonlinear heat problems involving phase change, Comput. Struct. 80 (2002) 9-21, doi: 10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00165-1
29. R. Indhu, V. Vivek, A. Sarathkumar, Bharatish, S. Soundarapandian, Overview of Laser Absorpticity Measerement Techniques for Material Processing, Lasers Manuf. Mater. Process 5 (2018) 458-481, doi: 10.1007/s40516-018-0075-1
30. P.J. Karditsas, M.J. Baptiste, Thermal and Structural Properties of Fusion Related Materials, UKAEA FUS 294, 1995, http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/LIB/PROPS/PANOS/matintro.html (accessed February 7,2020)
2. Z. Rdzawski, Alloyed copper; Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice 2009, 229
3. T. Wierzchoń, Structure and properties of multicomponent and composite layers produced by combined surface engineering methods, Surf. Coat. Technol. 180–181 (2004) 458-464, DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.090
4. D. Janicki, Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of in-situ TiC-reinforced composite surface layers fabricated on ductile cast iron by laser alloying, Materials 11 (2018) 75, DOI:10.3390/ma11010075
5. A.Lisiecki, Study of Optical Properties of Surface Layers Produced by Laser Surface Melting and Laser Surface Nitriding of Titanium Alloy, Materials 12 (2019) 3112 DOI:10.3390/ma12193112
6. J. Kusinski, S. Kac, A. Kopia, A., Radziszewska, M. Rozmus-Górnikowska, B. Major, L. Major, J. Marczak, A. Lisiecki, Laser modification of the materials surface layer–a review paper. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 60 (2012) 711-728
7. F. Liu, Ch. Liu, S. Chen, X.Tao, Z. Xu, M. Wang, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser post-treatment Ni-based crack-free coating on copper substrate and its wear properties, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007) 6332-6339, doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.11.038
8. F. Liu, L. Changsheng, Ch. Suiyuan, T. Xingqi, Z. Yong, Laser cladding Ni-Co duplex coating on copper substrate, Opt. Laser Eng. 48 (2010) 792-799, doi: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2010.02.009
9. G. Dehm, M. Bamberger, Laser cladding of Co-based hardfacing on Cu substrate, J. Mater. Sci., 37 (2002) 5345-53
10. K.W. Ng, H.C. Man, F.T.Cheng, T.M. Yue, Laser cladding of copper with molybdenum for wear resistance enhancement in electrical contacts, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 6236 – 41, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.01.086
11. S. Bysakh, K. Chattopadhyay, T. Maiwald, R. Galun, BL.Mordike, Microstructure evolution in laser alloyed layer of Cu-Fe-Al-Si on Cu substrate, Mater Sci Eng A 375-377 (2004) 661-665, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.263
12. J. Domagała-Dubiel, W. Głuchowski, Z. Rdzawski, D. Janicki, A. Kowalski, K. Bilewska, Microstructure analysis and mechanical properties of the copper after laser surface treatment. Proc. of EMC 2019 European Metallurgical Conference 4, 2019, 1529-1539
13. F. Bachmann, Industrial applications of high-power diode lasers in materials processing, Appl. Surf. Sci. 229 (208-209) (2003) 125-136, doi: 10.1016/s0169-4332(02)01349-1
14. S. Barnes, N. Timms, B. Bryden, et al., High power diode laser cladding, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 138 (2003) 411-416, doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00109-2
15. E. Kennedy, G. Byrne, D.N. Collins, J., A review of the use of high power diode lasers in surface hardening, Mater. Process. Technol. 259 (155-156) (2004) 1855–1860; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.276
16. B. De La Batut, O. Fergani, V. Brotan, M. Bambach, M. El Mansouri, Analytical and Numerical Temperature Prediction in Direct Metal Deposition, J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 1 (2017) 3, doi: 10.3390/jmmp1010003
17. K.J. Bathe, Finite element procedures; Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.: Watertown, UK, 2014
18. Z. Luo, Y. Zhao, A survey of finite element analysis of temperature and thermal stress fields in powder bed fusion Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf. 21 (2018) 318-332, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.022
19. O.C. Zienkiewicz, R.L. Taylor, The finite element method; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2000
20. J. Dziatkiewicz, E. Majchrzak, Numerical analysis of laser ablation using the axisymmetric two-temperature model. AIP Conference Proc., 1922, (2017) 0094–243X, doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5019065
21. E. Majchrzak, J. Dziatkiewicz, Second-order two-temperature model of heat transfer processes in a thin metal film subjected to an ultrashort laser pulse, Arch. Mech. 71 (2019) 377-391, doi: 10.24423/aom.3131
22. E. Majchrzak, J. Dziatkiewicz, Ł. Turchan, Analysis of thermal processes occurring in the microdomain subjected to the ultrashort laser pulse using the axisymmetric two-temperature model, Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. 15 (2017) 395-411
23. E. Majchrzak, B. Mochnacki, Numerical Simulation of Thermal Processes in a Domain of Thin Metal Film Subjected to an Ultrashort Laser Pulse, Materials 11 (2018) 2116, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112116
24. E. Majchrzak, Ł. Turchan, Modeling of laser heating of bi-layered microdomain using the general boundary element method, Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. 108 (2019) 438-446
25. E. Majchrzak, General Boundary Element Method for the Dual-Phase Lag Equations Describing the Heating of Two-Layered Thin Metal Films. Engineering Design Applications II. Advanced Structured Materials, 113, Springer, Cham, 2020
26. C.D. Boley, S.C. Mitchell, A.M. Rubenchik, S.S.Q Wu,. Metal powder absorptivity: modeling and experiment, Appl. Opt. 23 (2016) 6496-6500, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.006496
27. M. Bonek, A. Sliwa, J. Mikuła, Computer simulation of the relationship between selected properties of laser remelted tool steel surface layer, Appl. Surf. Sci., 388 (2016) 174-179; doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.256
28. B.Nedjar, An enthalpy-based finite element method for nonlinear heat problems involving phase change, Comput. Struct. 80 (2002) 9-21, doi: 10.1016/S0045-7949(01)00165-1
29. R. Indhu, V. Vivek, A. Sarathkumar, Bharatish, S. Soundarapandian, Overview of Laser Absorpticity Measerement Techniques for Material Processing, Lasers Manuf. Mater. Process 5 (2018) 458-481, doi: 10.1007/s40516-018-0075-1
30. P.J. Karditsas, M.J. Baptiste, Thermal and Structural Properties of Fusion Related Materials, UKAEA FUS 294, 1995, http://www-ferp.ucsd.edu/LIB/PROPS/PANOS/matintro.html (accessed February 7,2020)
Published
2022-12-08
How to Cite
1.
Domagała-DubielJ, Janicki D, Muzia G, Lisicki J, Ptaszny J, Kulasa J. ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN LASER ALLOYING OF PURE COPPER. MatTech [Internet]. 2022Dec.8 [cited 2025Dec.15];56(6):629–635. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/551
Section
Articles
