EFFECT OF SALT-WATER AGING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAX-WOVEN FABRIC-REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES
Keywords:
flax/epoxy composites, DMA, moisture absorption, silane treatment, NFRP
Abstract
In this investigation four varieties of plain derived-irregular basket-woven-flax fabric-reinforced epoxy (F-E) composites pre-treated with alkali and trimethoxymethylsilane (ATS) were prepared with a hand lay-up process by varying their weight fraction of fiber loadings (0; 25; 35; 45) w/%. A water-absorption test (salt water) as per ASTM D 570-98 was performed over the fabricated composites and studied its consequences on their static mechanical properties (such as tensile, flexural, impact and interlaminar shear strength) in accordance with the ASTM standards. The results revealed that salt-water-soaked ATS-treated F-E composites exhibited poorer mechanical properties than unsoaked ones. Moreover, this study elaborated the kinetics of water absorption and showed that the moisture-absorption rate depends on the weight fraction of fibre content. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) disclosed fiber splittings and severe damage at the fiber-matrix interface as experienced by soaked F-E composites.
References
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2. J. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Njuguna, H. Abhyankar, Recent development of flax fibres and their reinforced composites based on different polymeric matrices, Materials, 6 (2013) 11, 5171-5198, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115171.
3. D.B. Dittenber, H. V. Gangarao, Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure, Composites Part A: applied science and manufacturing, 43 (2012) 8, 1419-1429, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.019.
4. E. H. Saidane, D. Scida. M. Assarar, R. Ayad, Assessment of 3D moisture diffusion parameters on flax/epoxy composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 80 (2016), 53-60, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.008.
5. A. Stamboulis, C. Baillie, T. Peijs, Effects of environmental conditions on mechanical and physical properties of flax fibers, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 32 (2001) 8, 1105-1115, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00032-X.
6. Z. Azwa, B. Yousif, A. Manalo, W. Karunasena, A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres, Materials & Design, 47 (2013), 424-442, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025.
7. H. Chen, M. Miao, X. Ding, Influence of moisture absorption on the interfacial strength of bamboo/vinyl ester composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40 (2009) 12, 2013-2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.09.003.
8. E. Muñoz, J. A. García-Manrique, Water absorption behaviour and its effect on the mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced bioepoxy composites, International journal of polymer science, doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/390275.
9. K. Mak, A. Fam, C. MacDougall, The effects of long‐term exposure of flax fiber reinforced polymer to salt solution at high temperature on tensile properties, Polymer composites, 37 (2016) 11, 3234-3244, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23522.
10. M. Gupta, R. Srivastava, Properties of sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composite, Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 43 (2016) 3, 235-241.
11. G. Rajeshkumar, An experimental study on the interdependence of mercerization, moisture absorption and mechanical properties of sustainable Phoenix sp. fibre-reinforced epoxy composites, Journal of Industrial Textiles, 49 (2020) 9, 1233-1251, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083718811085.
12. A. Alawar, A. M. Hamed, K. Al-Kaabi, Characterization of treated date palm tree fiber as composite reinforcement, Composites Part B: Engineering, 40 (2009) 7, 601-606, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.018.
13. K. Mylsamy, I. Rajendran, The mechanical properties, deformation and thermomechanical properties of alkali treated and untreated Agave continuous fibre reinforced epoxy composites, Materials & Design, 32(2011) 5, 3076-3084, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.051.
14. C. Asasutjarit, S. Charoenvai, J. Hirunlabh, J. Khedari, Materials and mechanical properties of pretreated coir-based green composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, 40(2009) 7, 633-637, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.009.
15. S. V. Kumar, K. S. Kumar, H. S. Jailani, G. Rajamurugan, Mechanical, DMA and Sound Acoustic behaviour of Flax woven fabric reinforced Epoxy composites, Materials Research Express, 7(2020) 8, 085302, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abaea5.
16. N. L. Feng, S. D. Malingam, N. Razali, S. Subramonian, Alkali and silane treatments towards exemplary mechanical properties of kenaf and pineapple leaf fibre-reinforced composites, Journal of Bionic Engineering, 17(2020) 2, 380-392, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-020-0031-6.
17. P. K. Kushwaha, R. Kumar, Studies on water absorption of bamboo-polyester composites: effect of silane treatment of mercerized bamboo, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 49(2009)1, 45-52, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550903283026.
18. M. H. Ja, M.A. Majid, M. Afendi, H. Marzuki, E.A. Hilmi, I. Fahmi, A. Gibson, Effects of water absorption on Napier grass fibre/polyester composites, Composite Structures, 144 (2016), 138-146, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.067.
19. M. Gupta, R. Singh, PLA-coated sisal fibre-reinforced polyester composite: Water absorption, static and dynamic mechanical properties. Journal of composite materials, 53(2019)1. 65-72, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998318780227.
20. H. Hestiawan, The water absorption, mechanical and thermal properties of chemically treated woven fan palm reinforced polyester composites, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(2020)3, 4410-4420, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.065.
21. H. M. Akil, L.W.Cheng, Z.M. Ishak, A.A. Bakar, M. Abd Rahman, Water absorption study on pultruded jute fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, Composites Science and Technology, 69 (2009)11, 1942-1948, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.04.014.
22. M. S. Bodur, K. Englund, M. Bakkal, Water absorption behavior and kinetics of glass fiber/waste cotton fabric hybrid composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134 (2017) 47, 45506, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45506.
23. T. Sathishkumar, P. Navaneethakrishnan, S. Shankar, R. Rajasekar, R, Mechanical properties and water absorption of snake grass longitudinal fiber reinforced isophthalic polyester composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 32(2013)16, 1211-1223, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684413485826.
24. H. Dhakal, Z. Zhang, M. Richardson, M, Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, Composites science and technology, 67 (2007) 7-8, 674-1683, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019.
25. A. Pandian, M. Vairavan, W. J. Jebbas Thangaiah, M. Uthayakumar, Effect of moisture absorption behavior on mechanical properties of basalt fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites, Journal of composites, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/587980.
26. N. Sombatsompop, K. Chaochanchaikul, Effect of moisture content on mechanical properties, thermal and structural stability and extrudate texture of poly (vinyl chloride)/wood sawdust composites, Polymer International, 53(2004) 9, 1210-1218, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.1535.
27. S. Panthapulakkal, M. Sain, Studies on the water absorption properties of short hemp—glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 41(2007)15, 1871-1883, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998307069900.
28. L. Bian, J. Xiao, J. Zeng, S. Xing, Effects of seawater immersion on water absorption and mechanical properties of GFRP composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 46 (2012) 25, 3151-3162, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998312436992.
29. G. Iulianelli, M. B. Tavares, L. Luetkmeyer, Water absorption behavior and impact strength of PVC/wood flour composites, Chemistry and Chemistry Technology. 4(2010) 3, 225-229, doi: https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.03.225.
Published
2021-12-10
How to Cite
1.
Shettahalli MantaiahV kumar, Sasikumar C, Sakthivelmurugan E, Rishi JP. EFFECT OF SALT-WATER AGING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAX-WOVEN FABRIC-REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES. MatTech [Internet]. 2021Dec.10 [cited 2026Jul.16];55(6):851–859. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/256
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