HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND HOT-PROCESSING MAP OF 25CrMo4 AXLE STEEL BASED ON FRICTION CORRECTION
Keywords:
25CrMo4 axle steel, hot-compression test, hot processing map, friction correction
Abstract
The deformation behavior and microstructure of 25CrMo4 axle steel was systematically investigated by thermal compression deformation. The hot-compression test of a 25CrMo4 axle steel sample was carried out on a Gleeble-3800 thermal mechanical simulation tester. The flow behavior of the alloy was studied at the deformation temperature (900–1200 °C), strain rates (0.01; 0.1; 1.0) s–1 and the maximum deformation of 60 %. The flow curves under different deformation conditions were obtained, and the effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate on the appearance of the flow curves are discussed. The true stress-strain curve obtained by experiment is modified by friction. Based on the corrected experimental data, the activation energy determined by the regression analysis was Q = 311 kJ/mol, and the constitutive model was constructed. The high-temperature flow behavior of the 25CrMo4 axle steel was described by the Zener-Hollomon parameter. The optimum hot-deformation process parameters were determined based on the hot processing maps, followed by the analysis of the microstructure characteristics of the alloys under optimum hot working. The results show that the suitable hot-deformation process parameters of the alloy are as follows: deformation temperature is 1050–1200 °C, and strain rate is 0.01 s–1 to 0.14 s–1.
References
1 X.R.Meng, Study on Operation Mode of High Speed Express, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 546.5(2020), doi:10.1088/1755-1315/546/5/052033.
2 S.J.Wang, J.Han, W.Zeng, X.M.Zhang, J.W.Zhao, G.Z.Dai, Effect of Low Temperature on Mechanical Properties of ER8 Steel for Wheel Rim, Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 32.06(2018):401-408. doi:CNKI:SUN:CYJB.0.2018-06-001.
3 Y.M.Huo, B.Y.Wang, J.G.Lin, Q.Bai, H.C.Ji, X.F.Tang, Hot Compression Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution Rule of a High-Speed Railway Axle Steel, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 24.6(2017). doi:
4 P.Zhou, Q.X.Ma, Static recrystallization behavior of 25CrMo4 mirror plate steel during two-pass hot deformation, Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 24.2(2017): doi:10.1016/S1006-706X(17)30031-6.
5 P.Zhou, Q.X.Ma, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Processing Map Development of 25CrMo4 Mirror Plate Steel During Hot Deformation, Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 30.09(2017):907-920. doi:CNKI:SUN:JSXY.0.2017-09-012.
6 Y.Jing, B.Y.Wang, Y.M.Huo, X.Xiao, Thermal compressive deformation behavior and flow stress constitutive equation of 25CrMo4 steel, Journal of Plasticity Engineering， 27.05(2020):167-173. doi: 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1007-2012. 2020. 05. 021.
7 H.Z.Li, X.M.Zhang, M.A.Chen, Z.P.Zhou, Hot deformation behavior of 2519 aluminum alloy, The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 04(2005):621-625. doi:10.19476/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2005.04.021.
8 J.Cai, F.G.Li, T.Y.Liu, B.Chen, M.He, Constitutive equations for elevated temperature flow stress of Ti-6Al-4V alloy considering the effect of strain, Materials and Design,32.3(2010): doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.004.
9 Y.H.Zhao, J.Sun, J.F.Li, Y.Q.Yan, P.Wang, A comparative study on Johnson-Cook and modified Johnson-Cook constitutive material model to predict the dynamic behavior laser additive manufacturing FeCr alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 723.(2017): doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.251.
10 Y.C.Lin, X.M.Chen, A combined Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong model for hot compressed typical high-strength alloy steel, Computational materials science, ,49.03.628. (2010): doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.09.001
11 M. Milesi, R. E. Logé, D. Pino Muñoz, Y. Jansen, P.-O. Bouchard, Accounting for material parameters scattering in rolled zinc formability, Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 245.(2017): doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.02.021.
12 W.L.Gao, Y.F.Guan, Correction of flow stress−strain curve and processing maps of
5083 aluminum alloy during hot compression, The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 28.09(2018):1737-1745. doi:10.19476/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2018.09.04.
13 J.G.Wu, H.P.An, L.L.Liu, Q.S.Li, High-temperature constitutive equation of SA508-3 steel based on friction correction, Forging ＆ stamping technology, 45.12(2020):178-182+190. doi:10.13330/j.issn.1000-3940.2020.12.030.
14 J.Hu, P.Du, D.F.Li, S.L.Guo, X.Q.Xu, X.P.Wu, Flow stress behavior of Zn-Cu-Cr alloy during hot compression deformation, Journal of plasticity engineering, 18.01(2011):101-106. doi:CNKI:SUN:SXGC.0.2011-01-024.
15 Y.Gong, F.Zheng, S.H.Jiao, Positioning the metallographic observation site in a cylinder compression sample for the thermal simulation, PTCA(Part A: physical testing), 06(2004):282-285. doi:CNKI:SUN:LHJW.0.2004-06-005.
16 M.Gao, X.Zhao, J.Liu, B.X.Zhang, Z.M.Zhang, Ｒesearch on hot deformation constitutive equation and hot processing map of new-type Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with high strength and ductility, Journal of plasticity engineering, 28.03(2021):126-136. doi: 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1007-2012. 2021. 03. 017
17 X.H.Zhang, Y.Q.Bai, X.B.Jia, Hot deformation behavior and high temperature plastic constitutive equation of LZ50 steel for axle, Heat treatment of metals, 45.10(2020):31-34. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.10.006.
18 Ebrahimi.R, Najafizadeh,A, A new method for evaluation of friction in bulk metal forming, Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 152.2(2004): doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.03.029.
19 Wanjara.P, Jahazi.M, Monajati. H, Yue.S, Immarigeon.J-P, Hot working behavior of near-α alloy IMI834, Materials Science & Engineering A, 396.1-2(2005): 50-60. doi: org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.12.005.
20 H.J, McQueen, S.Yue, N.D.Ryan, E.Fry, Hot working characteristics of steels in austenitic state, Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 53.1(1995): doi:10.1016/0924-0136(95)01987-P.
21 H.J, McQueen.E, Fry.J, Belling, Comparative constitutive constants for hot working of Al-4.4Mg-0.7Mn (AA5083), Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 10.2(2001): doi:10.1361/105994901770345178.
22 T. Seshacharyulu, S.C.Medeiros, W.G.Frazier, Y.V.R.K.Prasad, Microstructural mechanisms during hot working of commercial grade Ti-6Al-4V with lamellar starting structure, Materials Science & Engineering 325.1-2(2002): doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01448-4.
23 Y.V.R.K.Prasad, H.L.Gegel, S.M.Doraivelu, J.C.Malas, J.T.Morgan, K.A.Lark, D.R.Barker, Modeling of dynamic material behavior in hot deformation: Forging of Ti-6242, Metallurgical Transactions A, 15.10(1984): doi:10.1007/BF02664902.
24 T.Seshacharyulu, S.C.Medeiros, W.G.Frazier, Y.V.R.K.Prasad, Microstructural mechanisms during hot working of commercial grade Ti-6Al-4V with lamellar starting structure, Materials Science & Engineering A, 325.1-2(2002): doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01448-4.
25 Q.S.Dai, X.Liu, P.Fu, J.Q.Zhang, Y.L.Deng, High-temperature deformation behavior and processing map of 5083 aluminum alloy, Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 48.08(2017):1988-1994. doi:CNKI:SUN:ZNGD.0.2017-08-005.
2 S.J.Wang, J.Han, W.Zeng, X.M.Zhang, J.W.Zhao, G.Z.Dai, Effect of Low Temperature on Mechanical Properties of ER8 Steel for Wheel Rim, Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 32.06(2018):401-408. doi:CNKI:SUN:CYJB.0.2018-06-001.
3 Y.M.Huo, B.Y.Wang, J.G.Lin, Q.Bai, H.C.Ji, X.F.Tang, Hot Compression Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution Rule of a High-Speed Railway Axle Steel, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 24.6(2017). doi:
4 P.Zhou, Q.X.Ma, Static recrystallization behavior of 25CrMo4 mirror plate steel during two-pass hot deformation, Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 24.2(2017): doi:10.1016/S1006-706X(17)30031-6.
5 P.Zhou, Q.X.Ma, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Processing Map Development of 25CrMo4 Mirror Plate Steel During Hot Deformation, Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 30.09(2017):907-920. doi:CNKI:SUN:JSXY.0.2017-09-012.
6 Y.Jing, B.Y.Wang, Y.M.Huo, X.Xiao, Thermal compressive deformation behavior and flow stress constitutive equation of 25CrMo4 steel, Journal of Plasticity Engineering， 27.05(2020):167-173. doi: 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1007-2012. 2020. 05. 021.
7 H.Z.Li, X.M.Zhang, M.A.Chen, Z.P.Zhou, Hot deformation behavior of 2519 aluminum alloy, The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 04(2005):621-625. doi:10.19476/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2005.04.021.
8 J.Cai, F.G.Li, T.Y.Liu, B.Chen, M.He, Constitutive equations for elevated temperature flow stress of Ti-6Al-4V alloy considering the effect of strain, Materials and Design,32.3(2010): doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.004.
9 Y.H.Zhao, J.Sun, J.F.Li, Y.Q.Yan, P.Wang, A comparative study on Johnson-Cook and modified Johnson-Cook constitutive material model to predict the dynamic behavior laser additive manufacturing FeCr alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 723.(2017): doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.251.
10 Y.C.Lin, X.M.Chen, A combined Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong model for hot compressed typical high-strength alloy steel, Computational materials science, ,49.03.628. (2010): doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.09.001
11 M. Milesi, R. E. Logé, D. Pino Muñoz, Y. Jansen, P.-O. Bouchard, Accounting for material parameters scattering in rolled zinc formability, Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 245.(2017): doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.02.021.
12 W.L.Gao, Y.F.Guan, Correction of flow stress−strain curve and processing maps of
5083 aluminum alloy during hot compression, The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 28.09(2018):1737-1745. doi:10.19476/j.ysxb.1004.0609.2018.09.04.
13 J.G.Wu, H.P.An, L.L.Liu, Q.S.Li, High-temperature constitutive equation of SA508-3 steel based on friction correction, Forging ＆ stamping technology, 45.12(2020):178-182+190. doi:10.13330/j.issn.1000-3940.2020.12.030.
14 J.Hu, P.Du, D.F.Li, S.L.Guo, X.Q.Xu, X.P.Wu, Flow stress behavior of Zn-Cu-Cr alloy during hot compression deformation, Journal of plasticity engineering, 18.01(2011):101-106. doi:CNKI:SUN:SXGC.0.2011-01-024.
15 Y.Gong, F.Zheng, S.H.Jiao, Positioning the metallographic observation site in a cylinder compression sample for the thermal simulation, PTCA(Part A: physical testing), 06(2004):282-285. doi:CNKI:SUN:LHJW.0.2004-06-005.
16 M.Gao, X.Zhao, J.Liu, B.X.Zhang, Z.M.Zhang, Ｒesearch on hot deformation constitutive equation and hot processing map of new-type Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with high strength and ductility, Journal of plasticity engineering, 28.03(2021):126-136. doi: 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1007-2012. 2021. 03. 017
17 X.H.Zhang, Y.Q.Bai, X.B.Jia, Hot deformation behavior and high temperature plastic constitutive equation of LZ50 steel for axle, Heat treatment of metals, 45.10(2020):31-34. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.10.006.
18 Ebrahimi.R, Najafizadeh,A, A new method for evaluation of friction in bulk metal forming, Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 152.2(2004): doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.03.029.
19 Wanjara.P, Jahazi.M, Monajati. H, Yue.S, Immarigeon.J-P, Hot working behavior of near-α alloy IMI834, Materials Science & Engineering A, 396.1-2(2005): 50-60. doi: org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.12.005.
20 H.J, McQueen, S.Yue, N.D.Ryan, E.Fry, Hot working characteristics of steels in austenitic state, Journal of Materials Processing Tech, 53.1(1995): doi:10.1016/0924-0136(95)01987-P.
21 H.J, McQueen.E, Fry.J, Belling, Comparative constitutive constants for hot working of Al-4.4Mg-0.7Mn (AA5083), Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 10.2(2001): doi:10.1361/105994901770345178.
22 T. Seshacharyulu, S.C.Medeiros, W.G.Frazier, Y.V.R.K.Prasad, Microstructural mechanisms during hot working of commercial grade Ti-6Al-4V with lamellar starting structure, Materials Science & Engineering 325.1-2(2002): doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01448-4.
23 Y.V.R.K.Prasad, H.L.Gegel, S.M.Doraivelu, J.C.Malas, J.T.Morgan, K.A.Lark, D.R.Barker, Modeling of dynamic material behavior in hot deformation: Forging of Ti-6242, Metallurgical Transactions A, 15.10(1984): doi:10.1007/BF02664902.
24 T.Seshacharyulu, S.C.Medeiros, W.G.Frazier, Y.V.R.K.Prasad, Microstructural mechanisms during hot working of commercial grade Ti-6Al-4V with lamellar starting structure, Materials Science & Engineering A, 325.1-2(2002): doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01448-4.
25 Q.S.Dai, X.Liu, P.Fu, J.Q.Zhang, Y.L.Deng, High-temperature deformation behavior and processing map of 5083 aluminum alloy, Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 48.08(2017):1988-1994. doi:CNKI:SUN:ZNGD.0.2017-08-005.
Published
2021-12-10
How to Cite
1.
Liu K, Huo Y, He T, Huo C, Jia C, Duo X, Wang B. HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND HOT-PROCESSING MAP OF 25CrMo4 AXLE STEEL BASED ON FRICTION CORRECTION. MatTech [Internet]. 2021Dec.10 [cited 2026Jul.16];55(6):843–850. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/253
Section
Articles
