EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-VELOCITY AIR-FUEL SPRAYED WC-10Co4Cr COATINGS
Keywords:
heat treatment, WC-10Co4Cr coatings, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance
Abstract
In this study a high-velocity air-fuel (HVAF) flame-sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coating was heat-treated at (240; 300; 400) °C for 2 h in an air atmosphere. The effect of the heat treatment on the hardness, fracture toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, phase composition and microstructure behaviour of the coatings was investigated. It could be concluded from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern that the phase of the coatings was mainly composed of tungsten carbide, an amorphous phase, a small amount of W2C and trace metal tungsten. However, the heat-treated coating had a small increase in W2C compared to the original coating, although the amount of amorphous phase did not decrease significantly. The results indicated that as the heat-treatment temperature increased, the hardness of the coating first increased and then decreased, while the fracture toughness increased. The polarization test confirmed that the heat-treated coating had higher corrosion resistance than the original coating. In addition, the results of the reciprocating friction and wear test indicated that small amounts of W2C strengthening phases were formed in the WC-10Co4Cr coating after heat treatment at 400 °C. This process did not eliminate many of the tougher Co and WC phases. Therefore, this coating had the best wear resistance among all the comparative coatings.
References
1 S.F.W.a.S. Sarnpath, Structure/Property Relationships in Sintered and Thermally Sprayed WC-Co, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 1 (1992) 4, doi:10.1007/BF02647158.
2 M.K.J. Stanford, V. K., Friction and wear characteristics of hard coatings, WEAR, 251 (2001) 1, 990-996, doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00719-0.
3 T. Sahraoui, N.-E. Fenineche, G. Montavon, C. Coddet, Structure and wear behaviour of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr and WC–Co coatings, MATER DESIGN, 24 (2003) 5, 309-313, doi:10.1016/s0261-3069(03)00059-1.
4 J.A. Picas, A. Forn, G. Matthäus, HVOF coatings as an alternative to hard chrome for pistons and valves, WEAR, 261 (2006) 5-6, 477-484, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2005.12.005.
5 A. Mateen, G.C. Saha, T.I. Khan, F.A. Khalid, Tribological behaviour of HVOF sprayed near-nanostructured and microstructured WC-17wt.%Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 206 (2011) 6, 1077-1084, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.075.
6 L.-M. Berger, Application of hardmetals as thermal spray coatings, INT J REFRACT MET H, 49 (2015) 350-364, doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.09.029.
7 T. Gong, P. Yao, X. Zuo, Z. Zhang, Y. Xiao, L. Zhao, H. Zhou, M. Deng, Q. Wang, A. Zhong, Influence of WC carbide particle size on the microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of WC–10Co–4Cr coatings for aircraft landing gear, WEAR, 362-363 (2016) 135-145, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2016.05.022.
8 V. Matikainen, S. Rubio Peregrina, N. Ojala, H. Koivuluoto, J. Schubert, Š. Houdková, P. Vuoristo, Erosion wear performance of WC-10Co4Cr and Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings sprayed with high-velocity thermal spray processes, SURF COAT TECH, 370 (2019) 196-212, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.04.067.
9 S. Usmani, S. Sampath, D.L. Houck, D. Lee, Effect of Carbide Grain Size on the Sliding and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Thermally Sprayed WC-Co Coatings, TRIBOL T, 40 (1997) 3, 470-478, 10.1080/10402009708983682.
10 P.H.S. D.A. Stewart, D.G. McCartney, Abrasive wear behaviour of conventional and nanocomposite HVOF-sprayed WC–Co coatings, WEAR, 225 (1999) 2, 789-798, doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00032-0.
11 T. Varis, T. Suhonen, A. Ghabchi, A. Valarezo, S. Sampath, X. Liu, S.P. Hannula, Formation Mechanisms, Structure, and Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-CoCr Coatings: An Approach Toward Process Maps, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 23 (2014) 6, 1009-1018, doi:10.1007/s11666-014-0110-5.
12 J. Yuan, C. Ma, S. Yang, Z. Yu, H. Li, Improving the wear resistance of HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings by adding submicron-sized WC particles at the splats' interfaces, SURF COAT TECH, 285 (2016) 17-23, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.017.
13 N. Vashishtha, S.G. Sapate, P. Bagde, A.B. Rathod, Effect of heat treatment on friction and abrasive wear behaviour of WC-12Co and Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings, TRIBOL INT, 118 (2018) 381-399, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2017.10.017.
14 Q. Wang, Z.H. Chen, Z.X. Ding, Performance of abrasive wear of WC-12Co coatings sprayed by HVOF, TRIBOL INT, 42 (2009) 7, 1046-1051, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2009.02.011.
15 S.K. Asl, M.H. Sohi, K. Hokamoto, M. Uemura, Effect of heat treatment on wear behavior of HVOF thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings, WEAR, 260 (2006) 11-12, 1203-1208, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2005.07.013.
16 P.H.S. D.A. Stewart, D.G. McCartney, Influence of heat treatment on the abrasive wear behaviour ofHVOF sprayed WC–Co coatings1, SURF COAT TECH, 105 (1998) 1-2, 13-24, doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00444-7.
17 Q. Wang, L. Li, G. Yang, X. Zhao, Z. Ding, Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and performance of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed WC–12Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 206 (2012) 19-20, 4000-4010, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.080.
18 J.N.B.K.A.R. (1), Microstructural evaluation of tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 1 (1992) 2, 147-152, doi:10.1007/BF02659015.
19 M. Heydarzadeh Sohi, F. Ghadami, Comparative tribological study of air plasma sprayed WC–12%Co coating versus conventional hard chromium electrodeposit, TRIBOL INT, 43 (2010) 5-6, 882-886, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.049.
20 C.L. Li, CJ);, A.O. Ohmori, A);, Y.H. Harada, Y), Formation of an amorphous phase in thermally sprayed WC-Co, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 5 (1996) 1, 69-73, doi:10.1007/BF02647520.
21 J. Subrahmanyam;, M.P. Srivastava;, R. Sivakumar, <0025-5416%2886%2990240-5.pdf>, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.84 (1986) 209-214, doi:10.1016/0025-5416(86)90240-5.
22 N. Vashishtha, R.K. Khatirkar, S.G. Sapate, Tribological behaviour of HVOF sprayed WC-12Co, WC-10Co-4Cr and Cr3C2−25NiCr coatings, TRIBOL INT, 105 (2017) 55-68, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.09.025.
23 H. Myalska, K. Szymański, G. Moskal, Microstructure And Properties Of WC-Co HVAF Coatings Obtained From Standard, Superfine And Modified By Sub-Micrometric Carbide Powders, ARCH METALL MATER, 60 (2015) 2, 759-766, doi:10.1515/amm-2015-0203.
24 V. Rajinikanth, K. Venkateswarlu, An investigation of sliding wear behaviour of WC–Co coating, TRIBOL INT, 44 (2011) 12, 1711-1719, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.06.021.
25 M. Afzal, M. Ajmal, A.N. Khan, Wear Behavior of WC-12%Co Coatings Produced by Air Plasma Spraying at Different Standoff Distances, TRIBOL T, 57 (2013) 1, 94-103, doi:10.1080/10402004.2013.850763.
26 P. Chivavibul, M. Watanabe, S. Kuroda, K. Shinoda, Effects of carbide size and Co content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HVOF-sprayed WC–Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 202 (2007) 3, 509-521, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.026.
27 U. Selvadurai, P. Hollingsworth, I. Baumann, B. Hussong, W. Tillmann, S. Rausch, D. Biermann, Influence of the handling parameters on residual stresses of HVOF-sprayed WC-12Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 268 (2015) 30-35, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.055.
28 W. Tillmann, L. Hagen, D. Stangier, M. Paulus, M. Tolan, R. Sakrowski, D. Biermann, D. Freiburg, Microstructural characteristics of high-feed milled HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 374 (2019) 448-459, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.012.
29 E. Sadeghimeresht, N. Markocsan, P. Nylén, Microstructural characteristics and corrosion behavior of HVAF- and HVOF-sprayed Fe-based coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 318 (2017) 365-373, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.11.088.
30 Y. Wang, S.L. Jiang, Y.G. Zheng, W. Ke, W.H. Sun, J.Q. Wang, Effect of porosity sealing treatments on the corrosion resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed Fe-based amorphous metallic coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 206 (2011) 6, 1307-1318, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.08.045.
31 M.M. Liu, H.X. Hu, Y.G. Zheng, Effects of three sealing methods of aluminum phosphate sealant on corrosion resistance of the Fe-based amorphous coating, SURF COAT TECH, 309 (2017) 579-589, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.033.
2 M.K.J. Stanford, V. K., Friction and wear characteristics of hard coatings, WEAR, 251 (2001) 1, 990-996, doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00719-0.
3 T. Sahraoui, N.-E. Fenineche, G. Montavon, C. Coddet, Structure and wear behaviour of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr and WC–Co coatings, MATER DESIGN, 24 (2003) 5, 309-313, doi:10.1016/s0261-3069(03)00059-1.
4 J.A. Picas, A. Forn, G. Matthäus, HVOF coatings as an alternative to hard chrome for pistons and valves, WEAR, 261 (2006) 5-6, 477-484, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2005.12.005.
5 A. Mateen, G.C. Saha, T.I. Khan, F.A. Khalid, Tribological behaviour of HVOF sprayed near-nanostructured and microstructured WC-17wt.%Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 206 (2011) 6, 1077-1084, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.075.
6 L.-M. Berger, Application of hardmetals as thermal spray coatings, INT J REFRACT MET H, 49 (2015) 350-364, doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.09.029.
7 T. Gong, P. Yao, X. Zuo, Z. Zhang, Y. Xiao, L. Zhao, H. Zhou, M. Deng, Q. Wang, A. Zhong, Influence of WC carbide particle size on the microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of WC–10Co–4Cr coatings for aircraft landing gear, WEAR, 362-363 (2016) 135-145, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2016.05.022.
8 V. Matikainen, S. Rubio Peregrina, N. Ojala, H. Koivuluoto, J. Schubert, Š. Houdková, P. Vuoristo, Erosion wear performance of WC-10Co4Cr and Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings sprayed with high-velocity thermal spray processes, SURF COAT TECH, 370 (2019) 196-212, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.04.067.
9 S. Usmani, S. Sampath, D.L. Houck, D. Lee, Effect of Carbide Grain Size on the Sliding and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Thermally Sprayed WC-Co Coatings, TRIBOL T, 40 (1997) 3, 470-478, 10.1080/10402009708983682.
10 P.H.S. D.A. Stewart, D.G. McCartney, Abrasive wear behaviour of conventional and nanocomposite HVOF-sprayed WC–Co coatings, WEAR, 225 (1999) 2, 789-798, doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00032-0.
11 T. Varis, T. Suhonen, A. Ghabchi, A. Valarezo, S. Sampath, X. Liu, S.P. Hannula, Formation Mechanisms, Structure, and Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-CoCr Coatings: An Approach Toward Process Maps, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 23 (2014) 6, 1009-1018, doi:10.1007/s11666-014-0110-5.
12 J. Yuan, C. Ma, S. Yang, Z. Yu, H. Li, Improving the wear resistance of HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings by adding submicron-sized WC particles at the splats' interfaces, SURF COAT TECH, 285 (2016) 17-23, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.017.
13 N. Vashishtha, S.G. Sapate, P. Bagde, A.B. Rathod, Effect of heat treatment on friction and abrasive wear behaviour of WC-12Co and Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings, TRIBOL INT, 118 (2018) 381-399, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2017.10.017.
14 Q. Wang, Z.H. Chen, Z.X. Ding, Performance of abrasive wear of WC-12Co coatings sprayed by HVOF, TRIBOL INT, 42 (2009) 7, 1046-1051, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2009.02.011.
15 S.K. Asl, M.H. Sohi, K. Hokamoto, M. Uemura, Effect of heat treatment on wear behavior of HVOF thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings, WEAR, 260 (2006) 11-12, 1203-1208, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2005.07.013.
16 P.H.S. D.A. Stewart, D.G. McCartney, Influence of heat treatment on the abrasive wear behaviour ofHVOF sprayed WC–Co coatings1, SURF COAT TECH, 105 (1998) 1-2, 13-24, doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00444-7.
17 Q. Wang, L. Li, G. Yang, X. Zhao, Z. Ding, Influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and performance of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed WC–12Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 206 (2012) 19-20, 4000-4010, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.080.
18 J.N.B.K.A.R. (1), Microstructural evaluation of tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 1 (1992) 2, 147-152, doi:10.1007/BF02659015.
19 M. Heydarzadeh Sohi, F. Ghadami, Comparative tribological study of air plasma sprayed WC–12%Co coating versus conventional hard chromium electrodeposit, TRIBOL INT, 43 (2010) 5-6, 882-886, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.049.
20 C.L. Li, CJ);, A.O. Ohmori, A);, Y.H. Harada, Y), Formation of an amorphous phase in thermally sprayed WC-Co, J THERM SPRAY TECHN, 5 (1996) 1, 69-73, doi:10.1007/BF02647520.
21 J. Subrahmanyam;, M.P. Srivastava;, R. Sivakumar, <0025-5416%2886%2990240-5.pdf>, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.84 (1986) 209-214, doi:10.1016/0025-5416(86)90240-5.
22 N. Vashishtha, R.K. Khatirkar, S.G. Sapate, Tribological behaviour of HVOF sprayed WC-12Co, WC-10Co-4Cr and Cr3C2−25NiCr coatings, TRIBOL INT, 105 (2017) 55-68, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2016.09.025.
23 H. Myalska, K. Szymański, G. Moskal, Microstructure And Properties Of WC-Co HVAF Coatings Obtained From Standard, Superfine And Modified By Sub-Micrometric Carbide Powders, ARCH METALL MATER, 60 (2015) 2, 759-766, doi:10.1515/amm-2015-0203.
24 V. Rajinikanth, K. Venkateswarlu, An investigation of sliding wear behaviour of WC–Co coating, TRIBOL INT, 44 (2011) 12, 1711-1719, doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.06.021.
25 M. Afzal, M. Ajmal, A.N. Khan, Wear Behavior of WC-12%Co Coatings Produced by Air Plasma Spraying at Different Standoff Distances, TRIBOL T, 57 (2013) 1, 94-103, doi:10.1080/10402004.2013.850763.
26 P. Chivavibul, M. Watanabe, S. Kuroda, K. Shinoda, Effects of carbide size and Co content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HVOF-sprayed WC–Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 202 (2007) 3, 509-521, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.026.
27 U. Selvadurai, P. Hollingsworth, I. Baumann, B. Hussong, W. Tillmann, S. Rausch, D. Biermann, Influence of the handling parameters on residual stresses of HVOF-sprayed WC-12Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 268 (2015) 30-35, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.055.
28 W. Tillmann, L. Hagen, D. Stangier, M. Paulus, M. Tolan, R. Sakrowski, D. Biermann, D. Freiburg, Microstructural characteristics of high-feed milled HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 374 (2019) 448-459, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.012.
29 E. Sadeghimeresht, N. Markocsan, P. Nylén, Microstructural characteristics and corrosion behavior of HVAF- and HVOF-sprayed Fe-based coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 318 (2017) 365-373, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.11.088.
30 Y. Wang, S.L. Jiang, Y.G. Zheng, W. Ke, W.H. Sun, J.Q. Wang, Effect of porosity sealing treatments on the corrosion resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed Fe-based amorphous metallic coatings, SURF COAT TECH, 206 (2011) 6, 1307-1318, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.08.045.
31 M.M. Liu, H.X. Hu, Y.G. Zheng, Effects of three sealing methods of aluminum phosphate sealant on corrosion resistance of the Fe-based amorphous coating, SURF COAT TECH, 309 (2017) 579-589, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.033.
Published
2021-12-10
How to Cite
1.
Xue Y, Zhou X, Liu H, Zhang J, Ji J, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Wang Q. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-VELOCITY AIR-FUEL SPRAYED WC-10Co4Cr COATINGS. MatTech [Internet]. 2021Dec.10 [cited 2026Jul.14];55(6):885–894. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/245
Section
Articles
