MODULATION OF MELATONIN SECRETION WITH TRANSCUTANEOUS AURICULAR NERVE STIMULATION: A CASE STUDY
Keywords:
auricular nerve, stimulation, Cymba Conchae, electrodes, melatonin, insomnia, circadian rhythm
Abstract
The main study objective was to test the hypothesis that selective electrical transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation (tANS) under forenoon daylight conditions induces melatonin secretion in a 64-year-old male patient with angina pectoris, hypercholesterolomy and coronary artery disease, assuming that it has beneficial effects on accompanied insomnia (Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS) = 22 points, the total score ranges from 0 to 40). Silicone stimulation plugs, with two platinum stimulating cathodes each, were inserted into the left and right external ears. Afterwards, one-second-long pulse trains of cathodic, biphasic and current regulated stimulating pulses at stimulating charge density Cd of 50.88 µC/cm2 and frequency of 25 Hz, were delivered for 30 min to selected sites at the upper and lower part of the left and right Cymba Conchae (CC), respectively. The common anode was attached to the neck. The time gap between the pulse trains was measured by the patient using a tactile sensor and was about 250 ms. The results showed that selective tANS under forenoon daylight conditions increased melatonin saliva levels in all the trials accomplished in a patient. Precisely, the lowest increase was obtained in trials with lower right (LR) CC, while the highest increase was obtained in upper-right (UR) CC trials.
References
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42. S. Grimnes, Pathways of ionic flow through human skin in vivo, Acta Derm. Venereol., 64 (1984), 93-98
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52. V. Srinivasan, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, D. P. Cardinali, B. Poeggeler, R. Hardeland, Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, Behav. Brain Funct., 2 (2006) 15, doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-15
53. T. Enderli, A Review of the Potential Therapeutic Application of Vagus Nerve Stimulation During Childbirth. M.Sc. Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology. 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11141/1277
54. R. J. Reiter, D. X. Tan, L. C. Manchester, S. D. Paredes, J. C. Mayo, R. M. Sainz, Melatonin and reproduction revisited, Biol. Reprod., 81 (2009), 445-456, doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.075655
2. G. M. De Ferrari, P. J. Schwartz, Vagus nerve stimulation: from pre-clinical to clinical application: challenges and future directions, Heart Fail Rev., 16 (2011), 195–203, doi:10.1007/s10741-010-9216-0
3. R. H. Howland, Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep., 1 (2014) 2, 64–73, doi:10.1007/s40473-014-0010-5
4. J. Ellrich, Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, Eur. Neurol. Rev., 6 (2011) 4, 254–6, doi:10.17925/ENR.2011.06.04.254
5. L, Gori , F. Firenzuoli, Ear Acupuncture in European Traditional Medicine, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat, Med., 4 (Suppl 1) (2007), 13-16, doi:10.1093/ecam/nem106.
6. E. T. Peuker, T. J. Filler, The nerve supply of the human auricle, Clin. Anat., 15 (2002) 1, 35–7, doi:10.1002/ca.1089
7. P. Nogier, R. Nogier, The man in the ear, Maisonneuve: Moulins-les-Metz, 1985
8. W. He, X. Wang, H. Shi, H. Shang, L. Li, X. Jing, B. Zhu, Auricular Acupuncture and Vagal Regulation, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., (2012), 786839, doi:10.1155/2012/786839
9. S. Dietrich, J. Smith, C. Scherzinger, K. Hofmann-Preiß, T. Freitag, A. Eisenkolb, R. Ringler, A novel transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation leads to brainstem and cerebral activations measured by functional MRI, Biomed. Tech. Biomed. Eng., 53 (2008) 3, 104–11, doi:10.1515/BMT.2008.022
10. P. Nogier, Le pavillon de l'oreille. Zones et points reflexes, Bulletin de la Société d'Acupuncture, 20 (1956), 51-57
11. M. Cabioğlu, A Glance at the Acupuncture Point from the Perspective of Current Technology, Open Access Library Journal, 3 (2016),1-5, doi:10.4236/oalib.1102237
12. H. Kho, E. N. Robertson, The Mechanisms of Acupuncture Analgesia: Review and Update, American Journal of Acupuncture, 25 (1997), 261-281
13. Y. F. Lin, Z. D. Liu, W. Ma, W. D. Shen, Hazards of insomnia and the effects of acupuncture treatment on insomnia J. Integr. Med., 14 (2016) 3, 174-186, doi:10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60248-0.
14. S. Wang, X. Zhai, S. Li, M. F. McCabe, X. Wang, P. Rong, Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Induces Tidal Melatonin Secretion and Has an Antidiabetic Effect in Zucker Fatty Rats, PloS ONE, 10 (2015) 4, e0124195, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124195
15. D. R. Merrill, The electrochemistry of charge injection at the electrode/tissue interface, Implantable Neural Prostheses 2, Springer, New York 2010, 85-138, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-98120-8_4
16. R. Y. Moore, Suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep–wake regulation, Sleep Med., 8(Suppl 3 (2007), 27-33, doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.10.003
17. E. A. de Almeida, P. Di Mascio, T. Harumi, D. W. Spence, A. Moscovitch, R. Hardeland, D. P. Cardinali, G. M. Brown, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Measurement of melatonin in body fluids: standards, protocols and procedures, Childs Nerv. Syst., 27 (2011) 6, 879–891, doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1278-8
18. S. R. Pandi-Perumal, I. Trakht, V. Srinivasan, D. W. Spence, G. J. M. Maestroni, N. Zisapel, D. P. Cardinali, Physiological effects of melatonin: role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways, Prog. Neurobiol., 185 (2008), 335-353, doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.04.001
19. R. Hardeland, Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent, Biofactors, 35 (2009), 183-192, doi:10.1002/biof.23
20. A. Lerchl, C. J. Partsch, Reliable analysis of individual human melatonin profiles by complex cosinor analysis, J. Pineal. Res., 16 (1994), 85-90, doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1994.tb00087.x
21. M. Karasek, R. J. Reiter, Melatonin and aging, Neuro Endocrinol. Lett., 23 (2002) Suppl 1,14-16
22. M. Yaprak, A. Altun, A. Vardar, M. Aktoz, S. Ciftci, G. Ozbay, Decreased nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in patients with coronary artery disease, Int. J. Cardiol., 89 (2003), 103-107, doi:10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00461-8
23. S. Benloucif, H. J. Burgess, E. B. Klerman, A. J. Lewy, B. Middleton, P. J. Murphy, B. L. Parry, V. L. Revell, Measuring melatonin in humans, J. Clin. Sleep. Med., 4 (2008), 66-69
24. B. Claustrat, J. Brun, G. Chazot, The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin, Sleep Med. Rev., 9 (2005) 1, 11-24, doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2004.08.001
25. C. Cajochen, K. Kräuchi, A. Wirz-Justice, Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep, J. Neuroendocrinol., 15 (2003) 4, 432-437, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00989.x
26. A. Voultsios, D. J. Kennaway, D. Dawson, Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: Validation and comparison to plasma melatonin, J. Biol. Rhythms, 12 (1997) 5, 457-466, doi:10.1177/074873049701200507.
27. O. Vakkuri, Diurnal rhythm of melatonin in human saliva, Acta Physiol. Scand., 124 (1985) 3, 409-412, doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07676.x
28. M. J. Jou, T. I. Peng, P. Z. Yu, S. B. Jou, R. J. Reiter, J. Y. Chen, H.-Y. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-F. Hsu, Melatonin protects against common deletion of mitochondrial DNA-augmented mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis J. Pineal Res., 43 (2007) 4, 389-403, doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00490.x
29. C. Rodriguez, J. C. Mayo, R. M. Sainz, I. Antolín, F. Herrera, V. Martín, R. J. Reiter, Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: A significant role for melatonin, J. Pineal Res., 36 (2003) 1, 1-9, doi:10.1046/j.1600-079x.2003.00092.x
30. G. D. Mellinger, M. B. Balter, E. H. Uhlenhuth, Insomnia and its treatment. Prevalence and correlates, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 42 (1985), 225-232, doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790260019002
31. V. Rajput, S. M. Bromley, Chronic insomnia: A practical review, Am. Fam. Physician 60 (1999), 1431-1438, discussion 1441–1442
32. D. Léger, M. A. Massuel, A. Metlaine, SISYPHE Study Group. Professional correlates of insomnia, Sleep, 29 (2006), 171-178, doi:10.1093/sleep/29.2.171
33. D. J. Taylor, K. L. Lichstein, H. H. Durrence, Insomnia as a health risk factor, Behav. Sleep Med., 1 (2003), 227-247, doi:10.1207/S15402010BSM0104_5
34. P. R. Carney, R. B. Berry, J. D. Geyer, Insomnia: Causes and treatment, Clinical Sleep Disorders, Lippincott William and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2005, 157–191.
35. S. Saddichha, Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia, Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol., 13 (2010) 2, 94-102, doi:10.4103/0972-2327.64628
36. T. Crönlein, B. Langguth, R. Popp, H. Lukesch, C. Pieh, G. Hajak G, et al. Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS): a new short rating scale for the assessment of psychological symptoms and sleep in insomnia; Study design: development and validation of a new short self-rating scale in a sample of 218 patients suffering from insomnia and 94 healthy controls. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 11 (2013) 65, https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-65
37. E. Frangos, J. Ellrich, B. R. Komisaruk, Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans, Brain Stimul., 8 (2015) 3, 624–36, doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.018
38. W. J. Staab, The Human Ear Canal–VII. Available from: http://hearinghealthmatters.org/waynesworld/2014/human-ear-canal-vii
39. Y. A. Chizmadzhev, A. V. Indenbom, P. I. Kuzmin, S. V. Galichenko, J. C. Weaver, R. O. Potts, Electrical properties of skin at moderate voltages: contribution of appendageal macropores, Biophys. J., 74(2Pt 1) (1998) 843–56, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(98)74008-1
40. P. M. Elias, Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation, J. Invest. Dermatol., 80 (1983) 1, 44s–9s, doi:10.1038/jid.1983.12
41. I. G. Abidor, V. B. Arakelian, V. F. Pastushenko, M. R. Tarasevich, L. V. Chernomordikl, Electrical breakdown of lipid bilayer membranes, Dokl. Akad. Nauk., SSSR240 (1978), 733-736
42. S. Grimnes, Pathways of ionic flow through human skin in vivo, Acta Derm. Venereol., 64 (1984), 93-98
43. A. Kuhn, T. Keller, M. Lawrence, M. Morari, A model for transcutaneous current stimulation: simulations and experiments, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 47 (2009), 279-289, doi:10.1007/s11517-008-0422-z
44. E. J. Peterson, O. Izad, D. J. Tyler, Predicting myelinated axon activation using spatial characteristics of the extracellular field, J. Neural. Eng., 8 (2011) 4, 046030, doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/046030
45. S. Deacon, J. Arendt, Posture influences melatonin concentrations in plasma and saliva in humans, Neurosci. Lett., 167 (1994) 1-2, 191-94, doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)91059-6
46. S. Li, X. Zhai, P. Rong, M. F. McCabe, J. Zhao, H. Ben, X. Wang, S. Wang, Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Triggers Melatonin Secretion and Is Antidepressive in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats, PLoS ONE, 9 (2014) 10, e111100, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111100
47. S. Asadian, A. Khatony, G. Moradi, A. Abdi, M. Rezaei, Accuracy and precision of four common peripheral temperature measurement methods in intensive care patients, Med. Devices (Auckl), 9 (2016), 301-308, doi:10.2147/MDER.S109904
48. T. R. Henry, Therapeutic mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation, Neurology, 59 (2002) 6 Suppl 4, S3–S14, doi:10.1212/wnl.59.6_suppl_4.s3
49. Y. K. Gupta, M. Gupta, K. Kohli, Neuroprotective role of melatonin in oxidative stress vulnerable brain, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 47 (2003) 4, 373-86
50. D. P. Cardinali, D. E. Vigo, N. Olivar, M. F. Vidal, L. I. Brusco, Melatonin Therapy in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Antioxidants (Basel), 3 (2014) 2, 245-277, doi:10.3390/antiox3020245
51. G. Chazot, B. Claustrat, E. Broussolle, C. Lapras, Headache and depression: recurrent symptoms in adult pinealectomized patient. In: Nappi G, Bono G, Sandrini G, Martignoni E, Micieli G, editors. Headache and depression, Raven Press, New York 1991, 299-303
52. V. Srinivasan, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, D. P. Cardinali, B. Poeggeler, R. Hardeland, Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, Behav. Brain Funct., 2 (2006) 15, doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-15
53. T. Enderli, A Review of the Potential Therapeutic Application of Vagus Nerve Stimulation During Childbirth. M.Sc. Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology. 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11141/1277
54. R. J. Reiter, D. X. Tan, L. C. Manchester, S. D. Paredes, J. C. Mayo, R. M. Sainz, Melatonin and reproduction revisited, Biol. Reprod., 81 (2009), 445-456, doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.075655
Published
2021-12-10
How to Cite
1.
Rozman J, Pečlin P, Ribarič S. MODULATION OF MELATONIN SECRETION WITH TRANSCUTANEOUS AURICULAR NERVE STIMULATION: A CASE STUDY. MatTech [Internet]. 2021Dec.10 [cited 2026Jun.13];55(6):809–817. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/220
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