EXPERIMENTAL AND ANN-BASED INVESTIGATION OF RUBBERIZED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Keywords:
ANN model, compressive strength, geopolymer concrete, waste tyre rubber, fly ash
Abstract
This study develops a mix design for geopolymer concrete (GPC) incorporating waste tyre rubber as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. Standard cube and beam specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength, and the resulting experimental data were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) model for strength prediction. The proposed AI-driven framework enables the early estimation of compressive strength, reducing reliance on extensive laboratory testing and supporting timely decision-making in material design and quality control. The ANN model achieved R2 values of 0.70, 0.42, and 0.57 on the training, validation, and test datasets, respectively, indicating moderate and consistent predictive performance. The network employs a two-layer feedforward architecture with seven input parameters, a sigmoid activation function in the hidden layer, and a linear output layer. While the model demonstrates reliable performance, further improvements through hyperparameter tuning and expanded datasets are anticipated. By integrating recycled tyre rubber into the GPC, the study addresses environmental and economic concerns, promotes sustainable construction practices, and supports circular-economy principles by valorising waste materials.
References
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[9] V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt, Use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) for alkali-activated or geopolymer concrete, Elsevier Ltd., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819055-5.00019-x.
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[12] R.M. Kalombe, V.T. Ojumu, C.P. Eze, S.M. Nyale, J. Kevern, L.F. Petrik, Fly ash-based geopolymer building materials for green and sustainable development, Materials (Basel). 13 (2020) 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245699.
[13] N.A. Lloyd, B. V. Rangan, Geopolymer concrete with fly ash, 2nd Int. Conf. Sustain. Constr. Mater. Technol. (2010) 1493–1504.
[14] Y. Park, A. Abolmaali, Y.H. Kim, M. Ghahremannejad, Compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with crumb rubber partially replacing sand, Constr. Build. Mater. 118 (2016) 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.001.
[15] S. Luhar, S. Chaudhary, I. Luhar, Development of rubberized geopolymer concrete: Strength and durability studies, Constr. Build. Mater. 204 (2019) 740–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.185.
[16] A.A. Azmi, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, C.M.R. Ghazali, A.V. Sandu, K. Hussin, D.A. Sumarto, A review on fly ash based geopolymer rubberized concrete, Key Eng. Mater. 700 (2016) 183–196. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.700.183.
[17] A.M. Almaleeh, S.M. Shitote, T. Nyomboi, Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology Use of waste rubber tyres as aggregate in concrete, 8 (2017) 11–19. https://doi.org/10.5897/JCECT2016.0421.
[18] S.C. Yeluri, N. Yadav, Mechanical properties of rubber aggregates based geopolymer concrete - A review, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 989 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/989/1/012014.
[19] A. Siddika, M.A. Al Mamun, R. Alyousef, Y.H.M. Amran, F. Aslani, H. Alabduljabbar, Properties and utilizations of waste tire rubber in concrete: A review, Constr. Build. Mater. 224 (2019) 711–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.108.
[20] J. Ahmad, Z. Zhou, A. Majdi, M. Alqurashi, A.F. Deifalla, Overview of Concrete Performance Made with Waste Rubber Tires: A Step toward Sustainable Concrete, Materials (Basel). 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165518.
[21] Z. Muyen, F. Mahmud, M.N. Hoque, Application of waste tyre rubber chips as coarse aggregate in concrete, 2019.
[22] N.N. Gerges, C.A. Issa, S.A. Fawaz, Rubber concrete: Mechanical and dynamical properties, Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00184.
[23] S.U. Azunna, F.N.A.B.A. Aziz, N. Abbas Al-Ghazali, R.S.M. Rashid, N.A. Bakar, Review on the mechanical properties of rubberized geopolymer concrete, Clean. Mater. 11 (2024) 100225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100225.
[24] K. Arunkumar, M. Muthukannan, A. Suresh kumar, A. Chithambar Ganesh, Mitigation of waste rubber tire and waste wood ash by the production of rubberized low calcium waste wood ash based geopolymer concrete and influence of waste rubber fibre in setting properties and mechanical behavior, Environ. Res. 194 (2021) 110661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110661.
[25] Y. Li, S. Zhang, R. Wang, F. Dang, Potential use of waste tire rubber as aggregate in cement concrete – A comprehensive review, Constr. Build. Mater. 225 (2019) 1183–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.198.
[26] M. Dong, M. Elchalakani, A. Karrech, B. Yang, Strength and durability of geopolymer concrete with high volume rubber replacement, Constr. Build. Mater. 274 (2021) 121783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121783.
[27] Saloni, Parveen, T.M. Pham, Y.Y. Lim, M. Malekzadeh, Effect of pre-treatment methods of crumb rubber on strength, permeability and acid attack resistance of rubberised geopolymer concrete, J. Build. Eng. 41 (2021) 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102448.
[28] A.M. Aly, M.S. El-Feky, M. Kohail, E.S.A.R. Nasr, Performance of geopolymer concrete containing recycled rubber, Constr. Build. Mater. 207 (2019) 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.121.
[29] S. Luhar, S. Chaudhary, I. Luhar, Thermal resistance of fly ash based rubberized geopolymer concrete, J. Build. Eng. 19 (2018) 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.025.
[30] A.A. Azmi, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, C.M.R. Ghazali, A. Victor Sandu, K. Hussin, Effect of Crumb Rubber on Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete, MATEC Web Conf. 78 (2016) 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167801063.
[31] B.O.I. STANDARDS, Indian Standard SPECIFICATION FOR MOULDS FOR USE IN TESTS OF CEMENT AND CONCRETE (IS: 10086 - 1982), n.d.
[32] T. Gupta, K.A. Patel, S. Siddique, R.K. Sharma, S. Chaudhary, Prediction of mechanical properties of rubberised concrete exposed to elevated temperature using ANN, Measurement. 147 (2019) 106870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.106870.
[33] Y. Zhao, H. Hu, C. Song, Z. Wang, Predicting compressive strength of manufactured-sand concrete using conventional and metaheuristic-tuned artificial neural network, Measurement. 194 (2022) 110993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.110993.
[34] Q. Han, C. Gui, J. Xu, G. Lacidogna, A generalized method to predict the compressive strength of high-performance concrete by improved random forest algorithm, Constr. Build. Mater. 226 (2019) 734–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.315.
[35] X. Huang, J. Zhang, J. Sresakoolchai, S. Kaewunruen, Machine learning aided design and prediction of environmentally friendly rubberised concrete, Sustain. 13 (2021) 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041691.
[36] and P.S. Manvendra Verma, Kamal Upreti, Mohammad Rafeek Khan, Mohammad Shabbir Alam, Soumi Ghosh, Prediction of compressive strength of geopolymer concrete by using ANN and GPR, Asian J. Civ. Eng. 24 (2023) 2815–2823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-023-00676-4.
[37] L.T.M. Dat, T.L. Dmitrieva, V.N. Duong, D.T.N. Canh, An Artificial intelligence approach for predicting compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete containing waste tire rubber, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 612 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/612/1/012029.
[38] B. Kushal, K.A. Goud, K.A. Kumar, U.V. Mohan, Performance Prediction of Eco-Friendly Concrete with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), E3S Web Conf. 596 (2024) 01021. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202459601021.
[39] T. Roy, P. Das, R. Jagirdar, M. Shhabat, M.S. Abdullah, A. Kashem, R. Rahman, Prediction of mechanical properties of eco-friendly concrete using machine learning algorithms and partial dependence plot analysis, Smart Constr. Sustain. Cities. 3 (2025) 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44268-025-00048-8.
[40] G. Pazouki, Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete’s compressive strength estimation by applying artificial intelligence methods, Measurement. 203 (2022) 111916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111916.
[41] B. Ding, X. Xi, J. Han, J. Pan, X. Sui, J. Cai, Investigation of high-temperature damage in one-part engineered geopolymer composites via non-destructive AC impedance spectroscopy, Measurement. 255 (2025) 118079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118079.
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Published
2026-04-09
How to Cite
1.
Muthuvel S, Nattanmai SwaminathanE, PartheebanP. EXPERIMENTAL AND ANN-BASED INVESTIGATION OF RUBBERIZED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION. MatTech [Internet]. 2026Apr.9 [cited 2026Jul.16];60(2):259–270. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1597
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Articles
