THE EFFECT OF WAX EMULSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CHROMIUM-FREE ANTI-FINGERPRINT PASSIVATION FILM
Keywords:
chromium-free fingerprint-resistant passivation film, hot-dip aluminum-zinc plating, Anionic waterborne polyurethane resin, wax emulsion
Abstract
Limited research exists on the passivation film of anionic waterborne polyurethane resin, particularly regarding strategies to enhance its performance. This study investigates the influence of the wax emulsion’s particle size and concentration on the structure, interfacial behavior, corrosion resistance, friction resistance, and adhesion properties of the passivation film. Findings reveal that using a 450-nm wax-emulsion particle size and a 2 % addition yield a composite passivation film characterized by a high surface gloss, low roughness, and exceptional friction resistance. Notably, while maintaining adhesion, the corrosion resistance is improved, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the passivation film. This research sheds light on the effects of wax emulsion on the performance of passivation films, providing valuable insights for optimizing anionic waterborne polyurethane-resin passivation films in future studies.
References
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21 Wang G, Zhou Z, Zhang K, Wu L, Shi X, Zhang X. Study on corrosion resistance of passive film promoted by natural rosin-based passive sealant. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 28 (2024), 1679–93. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.12.097.
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25 Wang W, Zhu Y, Cao J, Guo X. Thermal modification of southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability. Holzforschung, 69, no. 4 (2014), 405–13. doi:10.1515/hf-2014-0106.
26 Zhang J, Tian D, Lin M, Yang Z, Dong Z. Effect of resins, waxes and asphaltenes on water-oil interfacial properties and emulsion stability. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 507 (2016), 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.081.
27 Hou B, Chen W, Cao Z. A process for the preparation of emulsified wax. Petroleum Science and Technology, 25, no. 12 (2007), 1549–55. doi:10.1080/10916460600695389.
28 Fang D, He F, Xie J, Xue L. Calibration of binding energy positions with C1s for XPS results. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 35, no. 4 (2020), 711–18. doi:10.1007/s11595-020-2312-7.
29 Frankcombe T J, Liu Y. Interpretation of oxygen 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of ZnO. Chemistry of Materials, 35, no. 14 (2023), 5468–74. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00801.
30 Olayo M G, Alvarado E J, González-Torres M, Gómez L M, Cruz G J. Quantifying amines in polymers by XPS. Polymer Bulletin, 81, no. 3 (2023), 2319–28. doi:10.1007/s00289-023-04829-y.
31 Koshizaki N, Umehara H, Oyama T. XPS characterization and optical properties of Si/SiO2, Si/Al2O3 and Si/MgO co-sputtered films. Thin Solid Films, 325, no. 1 (1998), 130–36. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(98)00512-4.
32 Long Y, Liu C, Peng S. Enhanced performance of a green inorganic-based passive film on the batch hot-dip galvanized steel by organic additives. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 15, no. 3 (2020), 2568–80. doi:10.20964/2020.03.44.
33 Chen C, Chen J, Zhang S, Cao J, Wang W. Forming textured hydrophobic surface coatings via mixed wax emulsion impregnation and drying of poplar wood. Wood Science and Technology, 54, no. 2 (2020), 421–39. doi:10.1007/s00226-020-01156-7.
34 Chen Y, Chen Q, Ding J, Liu Q, Yuan S, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Glutenin phase transition as a method of fabricating primer for superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 681 (2025), 169–81. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.11.152.
35 Lv Y, Sun Y, Deng C, Fan X, Li S, Wang C, Yang Y, Zhang Y, He C. Preparation, corrosion and tribological properties evolution of self-lubricating Al2O3-TiO2 coatings with superior anti-corrosion. Surface and Coatings Technology, 498 (2025), 131849. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.131849.
36 Zhou S, Jia X, Tian R, Song H. Self-lubricating, self-healing and anti-corrosion coating with ultra-short run-in period. Tribology International, 196 (2024), 109706. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109706.
2 Wilcox G D. Replacing chromates for the passivation of zinc surfaces. Transactions of the IMF, 81, no. 1 (2003), B13–15. doi:10.1080/00202967.2003.11871474.
3 Bastidas D M. Corrosion and protection of metals. Metals, 10, no. 4 (2020), 458. doi:10.3390/met10040458.
4 Pyun S I. Strategies of metal corrosion protection. Chemtexts, 7, no. 1 (2021), 2. doi:10.1007/s40828-020-00121-y.
5 Berger R, Bexell U, Mikael Grehk T, Hörnström S E. A comparative study of the corrosion protective properties of chromium and chromium free passivation methods. Surface and Coatings Technology, 202, no. 2 (2007), 391–97. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.001.
6 Haiyang F, Bo G, Yingwei Z, Pengfei X. Effects of silanes on the structure and properties of chromium-free passivation. Science of Advanced Materials, 12, no. 7 (2020), 1012–18. doi:10.1166/sam.2020.3750.
7 Prakash B S, Balaraju J N. Chromate (Cr6 )-free surface treatments for active corrosion protection of aluminum alloys: a review. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 21, no. 1 (2023), 105–35. doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00831-1.
8 Peltier F, Thierry D. Review of Cr-free coatings for the corrosion protection of aluminum aerospace alloys. Coatings, 12, no. 4 (2022), 518. doi:10.3390/coatings12040518.
9 Vaghefinazari B, Wierzbicka E, Visser P, Posner R, Arrabal R, Matykina E, Mohedano M, Blawert C, Zheludkevich M, Lamaka S. Chromate-free corrosion protection strategies for magnesium alloys-a review: PART I-pre-treatment and conversion coating. Materials, 15, no. 23 (2022), 8676. doi:10.3390/ma15238676.
10 Yong Q, Liao B, Huang J, Guo Y, Liang C, Pang H. Preparation and characterization of a novel low gloss waterborne polyurethane resin. Surface and Coatings Technology, 341 (2018), 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.01.012.
11 Król P, Król B, Stagraczyński R, Skrzypiec K. Waterborne cationomer polyurethane coatings with improved hydrophobic properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 127, no. 4 (2013), 2508–19. doi:10.1002/app.37552.
12 Ferguson J, Petrovic Z. Thermal stability of segmented polyurethanes. European Polymer Journal, 12, no. 3 (1976), 177–81. doi:10.1016/0014-3057(76)90050-1.
13 Valadez T N, Norton J R, Neary M C. The reaction of cp*(Cl)M(diene) (M = Ti, Hf) with isonitriles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137, no. 32 (2015), 10152-5. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b06654.
14 Chen G nan, Chen K nan. Dual-curing of anionic aqueous-based polyurethanes at ambient temperature. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 67, no. 9 (1998), 1661–71. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980228)67:9<1661::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-X.
15 Yang S, Xiao H X, Higley D P, Kresta J, Frisch K C, Farnham W B, Hung M H. Novel fluorine-containing anionic aqueous polyurethanes. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part a 30, nos. 2–3 (1993), 241–52. doi:10.1080/10601329308009402.
16 Wang H H, Lin Y T. Silicon-containing anionic water-borne polyurethane with covalently bonded reactive dye. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 90, no. 8 (2003), 2045–52. doi:10.1002/app.12797.
17 Li Y, Noordover B A J, Van Benthem R A T M, Koning C E. Chain extension of dimer fatty acid- and sugar-based polyurethanes in aqueous dispersions. European Polymer Journal, 52 (2014), 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.12.007.
18 Li X, Wang W, Wu Y, Kang H, Guo E, Li J, Chen Z, Xu Y, Wang T. Improving the corrosion resistance of 7055 alloy by manipulating passivation film through trace addition of TiB2 nanoparticles. Applied Surface Science, 656 (2024), 159722. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.159722.
19 Yu M, Feng J, Yang Q, Dang Z, Zhang L. Inhibition of organosilane/ATP@HQ self-healing passivator for pyrite oxidation. Chemosphere, 287 (2022), 132342. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132342.
20 Wang Z, Feng K, Li Z, Lu F, Huang J, Wu Y, Chu P K. Self-passivating carbon film as bipolar plate protective coating in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41, no. 13 (2016), 5783–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.076.
21 Wang G, Zhou Z, Zhang K, Wu L, Shi X, Zhang X. Study on corrosion resistance of passive film promoted by natural rosin-based passive sealant. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 28 (2024), 1679–93. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.12.097.
22 Petrunin M A, Gladkikh N A, Maleeva M A, Rybkina A A, Terekhova E V, Yurasova T A, Ignatenko V E, Maksaeva L B, Kotenev V A, Tsivadze A Yu. Improving the anticorrosion characteristics of polymer coatings in the case of their modification with compositions based on organosilanes. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 57, no. 2 (2021), 374–88. doi:10.1134/S2070205121020076.
23 Ciesińska W, Liszyńska B, Zieliński J. Selected thermal properties of polyethylene waxes. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 125, no. 3 (2016), 1439–43. doi:10.1007/s10973-016-5706-1.
24 Bayer I S, Fragouli D, Martorana P J, Martiradonna L, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A. Solvent resistant superhydrophobic films from self-emulsifying carnauba wax–alcohol emulsions. Soft Matter, 7, no. 18 (2011), 7939–43. doi:10.1039/C1SM05710C.
25 Wang W, Zhu Y, Cao J, Guo X. Thermal modification of southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability. Holzforschung, 69, no. 4 (2014), 405–13. doi:10.1515/hf-2014-0106.
26 Zhang J, Tian D, Lin M, Yang Z, Dong Z. Effect of resins, waxes and asphaltenes on water-oil interfacial properties and emulsion stability. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 507 (2016), 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.081.
27 Hou B, Chen W, Cao Z. A process for the preparation of emulsified wax. Petroleum Science and Technology, 25, no. 12 (2007), 1549–55. doi:10.1080/10916460600695389.
28 Fang D, He F, Xie J, Xue L. Calibration of binding energy positions with C1s for XPS results. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 35, no. 4 (2020), 711–18. doi:10.1007/s11595-020-2312-7.
29 Frankcombe T J, Liu Y. Interpretation of oxygen 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of ZnO. Chemistry of Materials, 35, no. 14 (2023), 5468–74. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00801.
30 Olayo M G, Alvarado E J, González-Torres M, Gómez L M, Cruz G J. Quantifying amines in polymers by XPS. Polymer Bulletin, 81, no. 3 (2023), 2319–28. doi:10.1007/s00289-023-04829-y.
31 Koshizaki N, Umehara H, Oyama T. XPS characterization and optical properties of Si/SiO2, Si/Al2O3 and Si/MgO co-sputtered films. Thin Solid Films, 325, no. 1 (1998), 130–36. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(98)00512-4.
32 Long Y, Liu C, Peng S. Enhanced performance of a green inorganic-based passive film on the batch hot-dip galvanized steel by organic additives. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 15, no. 3 (2020), 2568–80. doi:10.20964/2020.03.44.
33 Chen C, Chen J, Zhang S, Cao J, Wang W. Forming textured hydrophobic surface coatings via mixed wax emulsion impregnation and drying of poplar wood. Wood Science and Technology, 54, no. 2 (2020), 421–39. doi:10.1007/s00226-020-01156-7.
34 Chen Y, Chen Q, Ding J, Liu Q, Yuan S, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Glutenin phase transition as a method of fabricating primer for superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 681 (2025), 169–81. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.11.152.
35 Lv Y, Sun Y, Deng C, Fan X, Li S, Wang C, Yang Y, Zhang Y, He C. Preparation, corrosion and tribological properties evolution of self-lubricating Al2O3-TiO2 coatings with superior anti-corrosion. Surface and Coatings Technology, 498 (2025), 131849. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.131849.
36 Zhou S, Jia X, Tian R, Song H. Self-lubricating, self-healing and anti-corrosion coating with ultra-short run-in period. Tribology International, 196 (2024), 109706. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109706.
Published
2026-04-09
How to Cite
1.
Zhang Z, Zhang D, Li Y, Liang J, Li J, Liu X, Wang Y. THE EFFECT OF WAX EMULSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CHROMIUM-FREE ANTI-FINGERPRINT PASSIVATION FILM. MatTech [Internet]. 2026Apr.9 [cited 2026Jul.16];60(2):271–282. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1588
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