TENSILE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF SOLID-SOLUTION-TREATED 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY
Keywords:
6061 aluminum alloy, temperature, strain rate, tensile deformation, constitutive model
Abstract
To systematically investigate the tensile deformation behavior of solid-solution-treated 6061 aluminum alloy under varying temperatures and strain rates and to establish an applicable constitutive model, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted using a 68TM-50 universal tensile testing machine and a Gleeble-3800 thermomechanical simulator. The experiments covered a temperature range of 25–300 °C and strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s–1 to obtain true stress-strain data. The results indicate that, at a constant strain rate, the peak stress decreases significantly with increasing temperature, whereas at a constant temperature, the peak stress increases with the strain rate. Temperature exhibits a more pronounced influence on peak stress than strain rate. For room-temperature conditions (25 °C), the Swift model accurately predicts the deformation behavior, achieving an overall correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99846 and an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 1.41 %. For elevated temperatures (150 °C and 300 °C), a modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) model was developed by incorporating a quadratic polynomial strain-hardening term and a temperature-strain rate coupling factor, effectively integrating the effects of strain hardening, strain rate sensitivity, and thermal softening. The modified J-C model demonstrates robust predictive capability in the warm temperature regime, with an overall R of 0.99739 and an overall AARE of 5.29 %.
References
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28 X. Chen, J. Wang, L. Yang, G. Zhang, Shear Specimens and Dynamic Shear Mechanical Properties of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Sheets. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 59 (2023) 4, 62-70. doi: 10.3901/JME.2023.04.062
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31 A. Rudnytskyj, P. Simon, M. Jech, C. Gachot, Constitutive modelling of the 6061 aluminium alloy under hot rolling conditions and large strain ranges, Materials & Design, 190 (2020), 108568. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108568
32 Y. Lin, X. Chen, G. Liu, A modified Johnson-Cook model for tensile behaviors of typical high-strength alloy steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527 (2010) 26, 6980-6986. doi: 10.1016/j.msea. 2010.07.061
2 H. Demir, S. Gündüz, The effects of aging on machinability of 6061 aluminium alloy, Materials & Design, 30 (2009) 5, 1480-1483. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.08.007
3 D. Maisonnette, M. Suery, D. Nelias, P. Chaudet, T. Epicier, Effects of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 6061 aluminium alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528 (2011) 6, 2718-2724. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.011
4 J. Li, T. He, X, Du, A. Vereschaka, J. Zhang, Regulating hardness homogeneity and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy via ECAP combined with inter-pass aging, Materials Characterization, 218 (2024), 114489. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114489
5 S. Yao, Q. Tang, J. Yang, C. Wang, H. Sun, R. Rong, H. Sun, G. Chu, Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy processed with short-time solid solution and aging treatment, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 960 (2023), 170704. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170704
6 J. Li, T. He, X. Du, A. Vereschaka, Enhancing the corrosion resistance of high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys after equal channel angular pressing by developing retrogression and re-aging strategies. Corrosion Science, 246 (2025), 112736. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2025.112736
7 J. Zhang, T. He, X. Du, A. Vereschaka, M. Song, X. Chen, J. Li, Effect of pre-heat treatment and subsequent ECAP-CU on microstructure and corrosion behavior of 7075 Al alloy fasteners, Journal of Central South University, 32 (2025) 7, 2383-2403. doi: 10.1007s11771-025-5987-2
8 P. Nageswara, R. Jayaganthan, Effects of warm rolling and ageing after cryogenic rolling on mechanical properties and microstructure of Al 6061 alloy, Materials & Design, 39 (2012), 226-233. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.02.010
9 D. Jia, T. He, M. Song, Y. Huo, H. Hu, Effects of equal channel angular pressing and further cold upsetting process to the kinetics of precipitation during aging of 7050 aluminum alloy, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 26 (2023), 5126-5140. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.08.258
10 H. W. SWIFT, Plastic instability under plane stress, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 1 (1952) 1, 1-18. doi: 10.1016/ 0022-5096(52)90002-1
11 J. Zhu, T. He, X. Chen, X. Du, A. Vereschaka, J. Li, S. Deng, Optimization and influence of process parameters on ECAD section shrinkage of 7075 Al alloy, Materials and Technology, 59 (2025) 3, 403–413. doi: 10.17222/mit.2024.1342
12 N. Balaramakrishna, R. K. Kumar, A study on the estimation of SWIFT model parameters by finite element analysis, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 223 (2009) 10: 1283-1300. doi: 10.1243/09544070JAUTO1024
13 J. Gao, T. He, Y. Huo, M. Song, T. Yao, W. Yang, Study on plastic damage of ECAP based on Bai-Wierzbicki criterion, Journal of Plasticity Engineering, 28 (2021) 2, 52-62．doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 1007-2012.2021.02.008
14 J. Zhang, G. Cao, Z. Gu, Z. Wang, Y. Jin, J. Liu, The modified Swift constitutive model of 304L stainless steel at the cryogenic temperature based on the Olson–Cohen model, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 307 (2024), 110336. doi: 10.1016/j. engfracmech.2024.110336
15 P. Zhu, Q. Zhang, H. Xu, Y. Ouyang, Experimental and numerical investigation on plasticity and fracture behaviors of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 extrusions, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 21 (2021) 3, 88. doi: 10.1007/s43452-021-00225-3
16 G. R. Johnson, W. H. Cook, Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures, Engineering fracture mechanics, 21 (1985) 1, 31-48. doi: 10.1016/ 0013-7944(85)90052-9
17 W. K. Rule, S. E. Jones, A revised form for the Johnson–Cook strength model, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 21 (1998) 8, 609-624. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.061
18 D. Zhang, Q. Shangguan, C. Xie, F. Liu, A modified Johnson-Cook model of dynamic tensile behaviors for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 619 (2015), 186-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.002
19 D. Umbrello, R. M’saoubi, J. C. Outeiro, The influence of Johnson–Cook material constants on finite element simulation of machining of AISI 316L steel, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 47 (2007) 3-4, 462-470. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools. 2006.06.006
20 S. Ni, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, Y. Cai, Y. Xie, Optimization of Process Parameters for Hot Forming of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Thin-walled Part Based on Improved J-C Constitutive Model, Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 68 (2025) 6, 78-85. doi: 10.16080/j.issn 1671-833x.2025.06.078
21 W. Shen, F. Xue, C. Li, Y. Liu, X. Mo, Q. Gao, Study on constitutive relationship of 6061 aluminum alloy based on Johnson-Cook model, Materials Today Communications, 37 (2023), 106982. doi: 10.1016 /j.mtcomm.2023.106982
22 X. Fan, T. Suo, Q. Sun, T. Wang, Dynamic mechanical behavior of 6061 al alloy at elevated temperatures and different strain rates, Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 26 (2013) 2, 111-120. doi: 10.1016/S0894-9166(13)60011-7
23 Y. Li, C. Pan, H. Teng, J. Wang, Q. Liang, Study on middle temperature deformation behavior of solid-solution 7050aluminum alloy based on modified J-C constitutive model. Forging & Stamping Technology, 49 (2024) 6, 221-226. doi: 10.13330/ j.issn.1000-3940.2024.06.028
24 G. Lei, B. Wang, J. Lu, C. Wang, Y. Li, F. Luo, Effects of solid solution temperature on the microstructure and properties of 6013 aluminum alloy, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 280 (2022), 125829. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125829
25 H. Zhao, Q. Cheng, Y. Zhao, Y. Kang, W. Zhang, L. Ye, Effect of solid solution treatment on microstructure and properties of extruded 7055 aluminum alloy, Journal of Central South University, 31 (2024) 1, 25-42. doi: 10.1007/s11771-023-5525-z
26 A. Rudnytskyj, P. Simon, M. Jech, C. Gachot, Constitutive modelling of the 6061 aluminium alloy under hot rolling conditions and large strain ranges. Materials & Design, 190 (2020), 108568. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108568
27 J. Zhang, T. He, X. Du, Y. Huo, D. Jia, X. Chen, Effect of pre-equal channel angular pressing homogenization on microstructure and mechanical properties of As-Cast 7050 Al alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 34 (2025) 12, 12174-12184. doi: 10.1007/s11665-024-09950-1
28 X. Chen, J. Wang, L. Yang, G. Zhang, Shear Specimens and Dynamic Shear Mechanical Properties of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Sheets. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 59 (2023) 4, 62-70. doi: 10.3901/JME.2023.04.062
29 D. Li, A. Ghosh, Tensile deformation behavior of aluminum alloys at warm forming temperatures, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 352 (2003) 1-2, 279-286. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00915-2
30 W. J. Kim, J. K. Kim, T. Y. Park, S. I. Hong, D. I. Kim, Y. S. Kim, J. D. Lee, Enhancement of strength and superplasticity in a 6061 Al alloy processed by equal-channel-angular-pressing, Metallurgical and materials transactions A, 33 (2002) 10, 3155-3164. doi: 10.1007/s11661-002-0301-4
31 A. Rudnytskyj, P. Simon, M. Jech, C. Gachot, Constitutive modelling of the 6061 aluminium alloy under hot rolling conditions and large strain ranges, Materials & Design, 190 (2020), 108568. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108568
32 Y. Lin, X. Chen, G. Liu, A modified Johnson-Cook model for tensile behaviors of typical high-strength alloy steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527 (2010) 26, 6980-6986. doi: 10.1016/j.msea. 2010.07.061
Published
2026-04-02
How to Cite
1.
Deng S, He T, Du X, Zhu J. TENSILE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF SOLID-SOLUTION-TREATED 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY. MatTech [Internet]. 2026Apr.2 [cited 2026Jul.16];60(2):161–170. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1572
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