STRENGTH PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-STRENGTH GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE INCORPORATING CERAMIC TILE AND CONCRETE WASTE FOR IN-SITU APPLICATIONS
Keywords:
ceramic tile waste; concrete waste; geopolymer concrete; ground granulated blast-furnace slag; in-situ construction; sustainability
Abstract
This paper explores the possibility of using ceramic tile waste (CETW) and concrete waste (CEW) as feedstocks in the production of alkali-activated geopolymer concrete (GPC) to be used for in-situ structural applications. Binary mixtures of CETW and CEW were made in different ratios (70/30, 60/40, 40/60, 30/70) and contrasted with ternary mixtures that contained other cementitious materials (SCMs) (metakaolin MEK, ground granulated blast furnace slag GGBFS and class F and C fly ash FA) at a 30 replacement. ASTM standards were used to examine the fresh properties, mechanical performance and microstructural behavior. The flowability was 180-210 mm and setting times were 55-180 minutes according to the ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/SiO2. The maximum binary strength (48.6 N/mm2, 28 days old) was attained at 40 percent CETW and 60 percent CEW (SiO2/Al2O3 = 12.3; Na2O/SiO2 = 0.18). Ternary 30% GGBFS mixes recorded compressive strength up to 64.4 N/mm2 at ambient curing, due to increased availability of Ca2+ to form CASH/CSH gel. Denser gel networks in optimized mixes were microstructurally analyzed (XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR). An assessment of sustainability reported 35–45% of the reduction of the embodied CO2 emissions compared to OPC. These results indicate the viability of CETW and CEW-based geopolymer concrete as a viable alternative in-situ application (pavements, structural walls, and foundations).
References
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[3] Allahverdi, A., Kani, E.N. (2013). Use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) for alkali activation of geopolymer. In: Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 439–461. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096490.4.439
[4] ASTM C191-19. (2019). Standard test methods for time of setting of hydraulic cement by Vicat needle. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0191-19
[5] ASTM C230-20. (2020). Standard specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0230-20
[6] ASTM C618-19. (2019). Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0618-19
[7] ASTM C989-18a. (2018). Standard specification for slag cement for use in concrete and mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0989-18A
[8] Davidovits, J. (1991). Geopolymers: Inorganic polymeric new materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 1633–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193
[9] Davidovits, J. (2015). Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications. 4th ed. Institut Géopolymère, Saint-Quentin, France.
[10] Deb, P.S., Nath, P., Sarker, P.K. (2014). The effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag blending with fly ash and activator content on the workability and strength properties of geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature. Materials & Design, 62, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.001
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[12] Fang, G., Ho, W.K., Tu, W., Zhang, M. (2018). Workability and mechanical properties of alkali activated fly ash–slag concrete cured at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 172, 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.008
[13] Fort, J., Vejmelková, E., Keppert, M., Rovaníková, P., Bezdicka, P., Černý, R. (2020). Alkaline activation of low reactivity ceramics: Peculiarities induced by the precursor’s dual character. Cement and Concrete Composites, 105, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103440
[14] García-Lodeiro, I., Palomo, A., Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2015). An overview of the chemistry of alkali-activated cement-based binders. In: Pacheco-Torgal, F., Labrincha, J., Leonelli, C., Palomo, A., Chindaprasit, P. (eds) Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 19–47. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.1.19
[15] Görhan, G., Aslaner, R., Şinik, O. (2016). The effect of curing on the properties of metakaolin and fly ash based geopolymer paste. Composites Part B: Engineering, 97, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.05.019
[16] Hamouda, A.A., Amiri, H.A. (2014). Factors affecting alkaline sodium silicate gelation for in-depth reservoir profile modification. Energies, 7, 568–590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7020568
[17] Huseien, G.F., Sam, A.R.M., Shah, K.W., Asaad, M.A., Tahir, M.M., Mirza, J. (2019). Properties of ceramic tile waste-based alkali activated mortars incorporating GBFS and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 214, 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.154
[18] Huseien, G.F., Sam, A.R.M., Shah, K.W., Mirza, J. (2020). Effects of ceramic tile powder waste on properties of self-compacted alkali activated concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 236, 117574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117574
[19] Hwang, C.L., Yehualaw, M.D., Vo, D.H., Huynh, T.P., Largo, A. (2019). Performance evaluation of alkali activated mortar containing high volume of waste brick powder blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag cured at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 223, 657–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.062
[20] Karthiga, S.N., Kannan, V. (2023). Effect of fracture and elastic modulus properties on geopolymer concrete reinforced with basalt fibers for an eco-friendly infrastructure. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8, 150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01015-1
[21] Ken, P.W., Ramli, M., Ban, C.C. (2015). An overview on the influence of various factors on the properties of geopolymer concrete derived from industrial by-products: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 77, 370–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.065
[22] Komnitsas, K., Zaharaki, D., Vlachou, A., Bartzas, G., Galetakis, M. (2015). Effect of synthesis parameters on the quality of construction and demolition waste (CDW) geopolymers. Advanced Powder Technology, 26(2), 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.11.012
[23] Luukkonen, T., Abdollahnejad, Z., Yliniemi, J., Kinnunen, P., Illikainen, M. (2018). One-part alkali-activated materials: A review. Cement and Concrete Research, 103, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.001
[24] Mahmoodi, O., Siad, H., Lachemi, M., Dadsetan, S., Şahmaran, M. (2021). Development of normal and very high-strength geopolymer binders based on concrete waste at ambient environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123436
[25] Najimi, M., Ghafoori, N., Sharbaf, M. (2018). Alkali-activated natural pozzolan–slag mortars: A parametric study. Construction and Building Materials, 164, 625–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.222
[26] Nath, P., Sarker, P.K. (2015). Use of OPC to improve setting and early strength properties of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete cured at room temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 55, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.08.008
[27] Palomo, A., Krivenko, P., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Kavalerova, E., Maltseva, O., Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2014). A review on alkaline activation: New analytical perspectives. Materiales de Construcción, 64(315), e022. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.00314
[28] Panias, D., Giannopoulou, I.P., Perraki, T. (2007). Effect of synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 301(1–3), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.064
[29] Pappu, A., Saxena, M., Asolekar, S.R. (2007). Solid wastes generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials. Building and Environment, 42(6), 2311–2320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.04.015
[30] Provis, J.L., Harrex, R.M., Bernal, S.A., Duxson, P., van Deventer, J.S.J. (2012). Dilatometry of geopolymers as a means of selecting desirable fly ash sources. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 358(16), 1930–1937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.12.036
[31] Rangan, B.V. (2014). Geopolymer concrete for environmental protection. Indian Concrete Journal, 88(4), 41–59.
[32] Ranjbar, N., Kuenzel, C. (2017). Cenospheres: A review. Fuel, 207, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.059
[33] Rashad, A.M. (2013). A comprehensive overview about the influence of different additives on the properties of alkali-activated slag – A guide for Civil Engineer. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 29–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.011
[34] Roy, D.M. (1999). Alkali-activated cements: Opportunities and challenges. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(2), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00093-3
[35] Ryu, G.S., Lee, Y.B., Koh, K.T., Chung, Y.S. (2013). The mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.069
[36] Salem, T., El-Didamony, H., Heikal, M., El-Sokkary, T. (2019). Performance of alkali-activated water-cooled slag–metakaolin blends as precursors for geopolymer cements. Construction and Building Materials, 220, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.159
[37] Samarakoon, M.H., Gunasekara, C., Law, D.W., Setunge, S. (2020). Influence of alkali activator on the engineering properties and microstructure of GGBFS-based geopolymer mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 246, 118534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118534
[38] Shi, C., Qu, B., Provis, J.L. (2019). Recent progress in low-carbon binders. Cement and Concrete Research, 122, 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.05.009
[39] Silva, G., Kim, S., Aguilar, R., Nakamatsu, J. (2019). Natural fibers as reinforcement additives for geopolymers – A review of potential eco-friendly applications to the construction industry. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 23, e00132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00132
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Published
2026-07-23
How to Cite
1.
Natarajan KS, Krishnaswamy R, Vellaipandian K. STRENGTH PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-STRENGTH GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE INCORPORATING CERAMIC TILE AND CONCRETE WASTE FOR IN-SITU APPLICATIONS. MatTech [Internet]. 2026Jul.23 [cited 2026Oct.11];60(4):563–575. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1570
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