EVALUATING MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CONSTRUCTION EPOXY/TIRE PYROLYTIC POWDER COMPOSITE
Keywords:
pyrolysis process, end-of-life tires, composite materials, sustainability, bending strength
Abstract
In line with global sustainability objectives, the incorporation of manufacturing byproducts into various materials to develop composite materials not only aims to enhance performance and reduce the costs of raw materials, but also promotes environmental responsibility in manufacturing processes. This investigation used different weight fractions (0, 1, 2, 3 and 5) % of micro-sized tire pyrolytic powder (TPP) for reinforcing a particular epoxy resin designed for construction purposes. Using the hand lay-up technique, composite specimens were fabricated and examined to evaluate the influence of TPP as a reinforcing phase on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of the epoxy. Particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to characterize TPP. Furthermore, tests such as Shore D hardness, tensile strength, three-point bending strength, impact strength, and thermal conductivity were conducted to assess enhancements in the composite’s performance. The test results show that the mean particle size of TPP was 1.27 µm, with a narrow size variation of 0.005 µm. EDX and FTIR tests show that TPP consists of a wide variety of metal oxides added to carbon black. The findings also demonstrate significant improvements in tensile and flexural strength, by roughly 87.5 % and 72.2 %, respectively, compared with non-reinforced specimens, with the optimal performance at 3 w/% TPP. Beyond this TPP concentration, the strength began to decline. The hardness, impact strength and thermal conductivity were found to increase markedly at 5 w/% TPP, by approximately (14.8, 350 and 86.5) %, respectively.
References
1 Tan, T. H., Mo, K. H., Lin, J., & Onn, C. C. An overview of the utilization of common waste as an alternative fuel in the cement industry. Adv Civ Eng, 2023;2023:7127007. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7127007
2Abdulhameed, JI. Ali, A.H, Kara I.H. Developing crumbed rubber tires/epoxy composite, by surface treatment with different silane coupling agents. Mater Sci Forum. 2022;1077:39–45. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-h41ugr
3 A bdulhameed, J. I., A. Ali, I. Kara, H.M. Mahan, S.V. Konovalov, & N. M. Al-Nedawi. "Preparing eco-friendly composite from end-life tires and epoxy resin and examining its mechanical, and acoustic insulation properties." International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM) 17.1 (2024): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17i1.514
4 S. Sugiman, D. Rizaldi, S. Salman, B. Anshari. Effect of surface treatment of tire rubber on the tensile properties of ground tire rubber/epoxy composites. Key Engineering Materials. 2023;941. 287-293. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-342e45
5 S. Deng, R. Chen, S. Duan, Q. Jia, X. Hao, L. Zhang. Research progress on sustainability of key tire materials. SusMat. 2023;3(5):581–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.159
6 F.A. Soares, A. Steinbüchel. Natural rubber degradation products: Fine chemicals and reuse of rubber waste. Eur Polym J. 2022, 165, 111001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj. 2022.111001
7 F. R. André, M. G. Aboelkheir. Sustainable approach of applying previous treatment of tire wastes as raw material in cement composites. Mater Today Proc. 2022;58:1557–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.456
8 N. Gao, F. Wang, C. Quan, L. Santamaria, G. Lopez, P. T. Williams. Tire pyrolysis char: Processes, properties, upgrading and applications. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2022;93:101022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022
9 M. R. Hassan, D. Rodrigue. Application of waste tire in construction: A road towards sustainability and circular economy. Sustainability. 2024;16(9):3852. https://doi.org/10. 3390/su16093852
10 D. Rigotti, A. Dorigato . Novel uses of recycled rubber in civil applications. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res. 2022;5(4):214–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.08.005
11 M. N. Amin, K. Khan, S. Nazar, A.F. Deifalla . Application of waste recycle tire steel fibers as a construction material in concrete. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2023;62(1):20220319.https:// doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0319
12 A. H. Ali, S. I. Ibrahim, M. R. Gharkan, W. M. Salih. Some mechanical and physical properties of cement mortar reinforced by steel wires of scrap tires. Zanco J Pure Appl Sci. 2019;31(3):47–51. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.31.s3.7
13 A. Hejna, J. Korol, M. Przybysz-Romatowska, L. Zedler, B. Chmielnicki, K. Formela. Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – A review. Waste Manag. 2020;108:106–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032
14 J. Araujo-Morera, R. Verdejo, M. A. López-Manchado, M. Hernández Santana. Sustainable mobility: The route of tires through the circular economy model. Waste Manag. 2021;126:309–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.025
15 S.T. Tayebi, M. Sambucci, M. Valente. Waste management of wind turbine blades: A comprehensive review on available recycling technologies with a focus on overcoming potential environmental hazards caused by microplastic production. Sustainability. 2024;16(11):4517. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114517
16 B. Ramani, A. Anjum, E. Bramer, W. Dierkes, A. Blume, G. Brem. Flash pyrolysis of waste tires in an entrained flow reactor—An experimental study. Polymers. 2024;16(12):1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16121746
.
17 W. Han, D. Han, H. Chen. Pyrolysis of waste tires: a review. Polymers. 2023;15(7):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071604.
18 M. Wang, L. Zhang, A. Li, M. Irfan, Y. Du, W.Di W. Comparative pyrolysis behaviors of tire tread and side wall from waste tire and characterization of the resulting chars. J Environ Manage. 2019; 232:364–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.091
19 B. A. Saeed. Modern trends for the application of biological control and modern technologies in agricultural projects. International Journal of Modern Agriculture and Environment,2021; 1(2), 26-53. 10.21608/ijmae.2023.215953.1013
20 RI.F. Wu, Y.C. Liao. A chemical milling process to produce water-based inkjet printing ink from waste tire carbon blacks. Waste Manag. 2021;122:64–70. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wasman.2020.12.041
21 Z. Feng, P. Zhao, X. Li, L. Zhu. Preparation and properties of bitumen modified with waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black. Constr Build Mater. 2021; 282:122697. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122697
22 P. Caputo, P. Calandra, A. Policicchio, G. Conte, R. G. Agostino, M. Pochylski M, et al. Char from pyrolysis of waste tires to increase bitumen performances. Appl Sci. 2023;14(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010030
23 C. Dwivedi, S. Manjare, S.K. Rajan. Recycling of waste tire by pyrolysis to recover carbon black: alternative and environment-friendly reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds. Compos B Eng. 2020; 200:108346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb. 2020.108346
24 N. Cardona, F. Campuzano, M. Betancur, L. Jaramillo , J.D. Martínez. Possibilities of carbon black recovery from waste tyre pyrolysis to be used as additive in rubber goods – a review. In: IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2018;437(1):012012. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/437/1/012012
25 S. Doja, L.K. Pillari, L. Bichler. Processing and activation of tire-derived char: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.2022; 155:111860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021. 111860
26 N. Sienkiewicz, M. Dominic, J. Parameswaranpillai. Natural fillers as potential modifying agents for epoxy composition: A review. Polymers. 2022;14(2):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020265
27 A.Kumar, B. Yan, Z. Cheng, J. Tao, M. Hassan, J. Li, G. Chen, L. Kumari, B. Oba,
M. Aborisade, I. Jamro. Co-pyrolysis of hydrothermally pre-treated microalgae residue and polymeric waste (plastic/tires): Comparative and dynamic analyses of pyrolytic behaviors, kinetics, chars, oils, and in-situ gas emissions. Fuel. 2023; 331:125814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125814
28 J. Zhang, J. Liu, F. Evrendilek, X. Zhang, M. Buyukada . TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS analyses of pyrolysis behaviors and products of cattle manure in CO₂ and N₂ atmospheres: Kinetic, thermodynamic, and machine-learning models. Energy Convers Manag. 2019;195:346–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.019
29 A. B. Nandiyanto, R. Ragadhita, M. Fiandini. Interpretation of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR): A practical approach in the polymer/plastic thermal decomposition. Indones J Sci Technol. 2023;8(1):113–26. https://ejournal.kjpupi.id/index.php/ijost/ article/view/11
30 A. Marcilla, A. Gómez, S. Menargues. TG/FTIR study of the thermal pyrolysis of EVA copolymers. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2005;74(1–2):224–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap. 2004.09.009
31 T. K. Mulenga, A. U. Ude, V. Chinnasamy. Mechanical analysis of sisal fiber/bio-epoxy/fly-ash reinforced hybrid composites. J Compos Mater. 2023;57(28):4463–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983231209881
32 S. Hegde, N. H. Padmaraj, V. Siddesh, T.S. Sunaya, K.A. Kini, V.K. Sanil. Experimental investigation of mechanical sustainability and acoustic performance of fly ash cenosphere/epoxy polymer composites. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2021;36(8 Pt B):646–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.11.002
33 B.I. Khalil, M. R. Gharkan, A. H. Ali. Study of the effects of adding yttrium oxide particles in some physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of heat-curing acrylic resin. In: AIP Conf Proc. 2018;1968(1):030034. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5039221
34 S. Chauhan, R.K. Bhusha. Improvement in mechanical performance due to hybridization of carbon fiber/epoxy composite with carbon black. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. 2018;1(3):602–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-018-0047-0
35 H. Miyagawa, M. Misra, L. T. Drzal, A. K. Mohanty. Fracture toughness and impact strength of anhydride‐cured biobased epoxy. Polym Eng Sci. 2005;45(4):487–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20290
36 B. Li, X. Zhang, G. Qi, X. Wang, J. Zhang, P. Han, J. Qiao. A rubber-modified epoxy composite with very high toughness and heat resistance. Polym Polym Compos. 2019;27(9):582–6, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391119854
37 G. Yan, D. Han, W. Li, J. Qiu, C. Jiang, L. Li, C. Wang. Effect of pyrolysis carbon black and carbon nanotubes on properties of natural rubber conductive composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2022;139(23):52321, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52321
38 B. Sahoo, P. Patel, B. P. Nanda. Carbon black: A thermally conductive reinforcement for epoxy-based composite. Bull Mater Sci. 2024;47(4):260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-024-03344
2Abdulhameed, JI. Ali, A.H, Kara I.H. Developing crumbed rubber tires/epoxy composite, by surface treatment with different silane coupling agents. Mater Sci Forum. 2022;1077:39–45. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-h41ugr
3 A bdulhameed, J. I., A. Ali, I. Kara, H.M. Mahan, S.V. Konovalov, & N. M. Al-Nedawi. "Preparing eco-friendly composite from end-life tires and epoxy resin and examining its mechanical, and acoustic insulation properties." International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM) 17.1 (2024): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17i1.514
4 S. Sugiman, D. Rizaldi, S. Salman, B. Anshari. Effect of surface treatment of tire rubber on the tensile properties of ground tire rubber/epoxy composites. Key Engineering Materials. 2023;941. 287-293. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-342e45
5 S. Deng, R. Chen, S. Duan, Q. Jia, X. Hao, L. Zhang. Research progress on sustainability of key tire materials. SusMat. 2023;3(5):581–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.159
6 F.A. Soares, A. Steinbüchel. Natural rubber degradation products: Fine chemicals and reuse of rubber waste. Eur Polym J. 2022, 165, 111001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj. 2022.111001
7 F. R. André, M. G. Aboelkheir. Sustainable approach of applying previous treatment of tire wastes as raw material in cement composites. Mater Today Proc. 2022;58:1557–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.456
8 N. Gao, F. Wang, C. Quan, L. Santamaria, G. Lopez, P. T. Williams. Tire pyrolysis char: Processes, properties, upgrading and applications. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2022;93:101022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022
9 M. R. Hassan, D. Rodrigue. Application of waste tire in construction: A road towards sustainability and circular economy. Sustainability. 2024;16(9):3852. https://doi.org/10. 3390/su16093852
10 D. Rigotti, A. Dorigato . Novel uses of recycled rubber in civil applications. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res. 2022;5(4):214–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.08.005
11 M. N. Amin, K. Khan, S. Nazar, A.F. Deifalla . Application of waste recycle tire steel fibers as a construction material in concrete. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2023;62(1):20220319.https:// doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0319
12 A. H. Ali, S. I. Ibrahim, M. R. Gharkan, W. M. Salih. Some mechanical and physical properties of cement mortar reinforced by steel wires of scrap tires. Zanco J Pure Appl Sci. 2019;31(3):47–51. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.31.s3.7
13 A. Hejna, J. Korol, M. Przybysz-Romatowska, L. Zedler, B. Chmielnicki, K. Formela. Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – A review. Waste Manag. 2020;108:106–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032
14 J. Araujo-Morera, R. Verdejo, M. A. López-Manchado, M. Hernández Santana. Sustainable mobility: The route of tires through the circular economy model. Waste Manag. 2021;126:309–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.025
15 S.T. Tayebi, M. Sambucci, M. Valente. Waste management of wind turbine blades: A comprehensive review on available recycling technologies with a focus on overcoming potential environmental hazards caused by microplastic production. Sustainability. 2024;16(11):4517. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114517
16 B. Ramani, A. Anjum, E. Bramer, W. Dierkes, A. Blume, G. Brem. Flash pyrolysis of waste tires in an entrained flow reactor—An experimental study. Polymers. 2024;16(12):1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16121746
.
17 W. Han, D. Han, H. Chen. Pyrolysis of waste tires: a review. Polymers. 2023;15(7):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071604.
18 M. Wang, L. Zhang, A. Li, M. Irfan, Y. Du, W.Di W. Comparative pyrolysis behaviors of tire tread and side wall from waste tire and characterization of the resulting chars. J Environ Manage. 2019; 232:364–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.091
19 B. A. Saeed. Modern trends for the application of biological control and modern technologies in agricultural projects. International Journal of Modern Agriculture and Environment,2021; 1(2), 26-53. 10.21608/ijmae.2023.215953.1013
20 RI.F. Wu, Y.C. Liao. A chemical milling process to produce water-based inkjet printing ink from waste tire carbon blacks. Waste Manag. 2021;122:64–70. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wasman.2020.12.041
21 Z. Feng, P. Zhao, X. Li, L. Zhu. Preparation and properties of bitumen modified with waste rubber pyrolytic carbon black. Constr Build Mater. 2021; 282:122697. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122697
22 P. Caputo, P. Calandra, A. Policicchio, G. Conte, R. G. Agostino, M. Pochylski M, et al. Char from pyrolysis of waste tires to increase bitumen performances. Appl Sci. 2023;14(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010030
23 C. Dwivedi, S. Manjare, S.K. Rajan. Recycling of waste tire by pyrolysis to recover carbon black: alternative and environment-friendly reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds. Compos B Eng. 2020; 200:108346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb. 2020.108346
24 N. Cardona, F. Campuzano, M. Betancur, L. Jaramillo , J.D. Martínez. Possibilities of carbon black recovery from waste tyre pyrolysis to be used as additive in rubber goods – a review. In: IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2018;437(1):012012. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/437/1/012012
25 S. Doja, L.K. Pillari, L. Bichler. Processing and activation of tire-derived char: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.2022; 155:111860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021. 111860
26 N. Sienkiewicz, M. Dominic, J. Parameswaranpillai. Natural fillers as potential modifying agents for epoxy composition: A review. Polymers. 2022;14(2):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020265
27 A.Kumar, B. Yan, Z. Cheng, J. Tao, M. Hassan, J. Li, G. Chen, L. Kumari, B. Oba,
M. Aborisade, I. Jamro. Co-pyrolysis of hydrothermally pre-treated microalgae residue and polymeric waste (plastic/tires): Comparative and dynamic analyses of pyrolytic behaviors, kinetics, chars, oils, and in-situ gas emissions. Fuel. 2023; 331:125814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125814
28 J. Zhang, J. Liu, F. Evrendilek, X. Zhang, M. Buyukada . TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS analyses of pyrolysis behaviors and products of cattle manure in CO₂ and N₂ atmospheres: Kinetic, thermodynamic, and machine-learning models. Energy Convers Manag. 2019;195:346–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.019
29 A. B. Nandiyanto, R. Ragadhita, M. Fiandini. Interpretation of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR): A practical approach in the polymer/plastic thermal decomposition. Indones J Sci Technol. 2023;8(1):113–26. https://ejournal.kjpupi.id/index.php/ijost/ article/view/11
30 A. Marcilla, A. Gómez, S. Menargues. TG/FTIR study of the thermal pyrolysis of EVA copolymers. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2005;74(1–2):224–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap. 2004.09.009
31 T. K. Mulenga, A. U. Ude, V. Chinnasamy. Mechanical analysis of sisal fiber/bio-epoxy/fly-ash reinforced hybrid composites. J Compos Mater. 2023;57(28):4463–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983231209881
32 S. Hegde, N. H. Padmaraj, V. Siddesh, T.S. Sunaya, K.A. Kini, V.K. Sanil. Experimental investigation of mechanical sustainability and acoustic performance of fly ash cenosphere/epoxy polymer composites. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2021;36(8 Pt B):646–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.11.002
33 B.I. Khalil, M. R. Gharkan, A. H. Ali. Study of the effects of adding yttrium oxide particles in some physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of heat-curing acrylic resin. In: AIP Conf Proc. 2018;1968(1):030034. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5039221
34 S. Chauhan, R.K. Bhusha. Improvement in mechanical performance due to hybridization of carbon fiber/epoxy composite with carbon black. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. 2018;1(3):602–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-018-0047-0
35 H. Miyagawa, M. Misra, L. T. Drzal, A. K. Mohanty. Fracture toughness and impact strength of anhydride‐cured biobased epoxy. Polym Eng Sci. 2005;45(4):487–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20290
36 B. Li, X. Zhang, G. Qi, X. Wang, J. Zhang, P. Han, J. Qiao. A rubber-modified epoxy composite with very high toughness and heat resistance. Polym Polym Compos. 2019;27(9):582–6, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391119854
37 G. Yan, D. Han, W. Li, J. Qiu, C. Jiang, L. Li, C. Wang. Effect of pyrolysis carbon black and carbon nanotubes on properties of natural rubber conductive composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2022;139(23):52321, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.52321
38 B. Sahoo, P. Patel, B. P. Nanda. Carbon black: A thermally conductive reinforcement for epoxy-based composite. Bull Mater Sci. 2024;47(4):260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-024-03344
Published
2026-02-03
How to Cite
1.
H. AliA, Mahan H, Mahdi HS. EVALUATING MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CONSTRUCTION EPOXY/TIRE PYROLYTIC POWDER COMPOSITE. MatTech [Internet]. 2026Feb.3 [cited 2026Aug.10];60(1):61–68. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1547
Section
Articles
