Ni0.4Cu0.6Mn2O4 SPINEL OXIDES: POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUEL-CELL APPLICATIONS
Keywords:
Ni0.4Cu0.6Mn2O4 spinel; Solid oxide fuel cell; Catalytic properties; Electrode
Abstract
Ni0.4Cu0.6Mn2O4 spinel is investigated as a potential multifunctional material for solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications due to its structural stability, mixed ionic–electronic conductivity, and catalytic activity. This review examines the crystal structure, methods of synthesis, and electrochemical behaviour of Ni–Cu–Mn spinel, with the emphasis on the relationship between cation distribution, defect chemistry, and performance. The spinel structure enables electron transport through small polaron hopping, although conductivity and catalytic efficiency remain lower than conventional Ni–YSZ and perovskite electrodes. The effects of synthesis parameters, including calcination temperature and mixing time, on phase purity, particle morphology, and catalytic behaviour are critically analysed. In addition, the catalytic properties for the fuel-oxidation and oxygen-reduction reactions are discussed, highlighting the limitations in polarization resistance and reaction kinetics. Stability considerations, including resistance to carbon deposition and chromium poisoning, are evaluated, although the long-term durability data remain limited. Strategies such as doping, composite formation, and microstructure engineering are identified as potential routes for performance enhancement. However, current studies lack standardized electrochemical validation and full-cell testing. Future work should focus on establishing structure–property–performance relationships and long-term evaluation under realistic SOFC operating conditions.
References
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19Zhong, F., Han, C., Luo, Y., Zhou, C., Chen, C., Lin, L., Cai, G., & Jiang, L. Site-oriented design of spinel MgxNiMn2-xO4-δ as cathode material of intermediate-temperature direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources, 503, (2021), 230020.
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21Li, X., Zhao, H., Liang, J., Luo, Y., Chen, G., Shi, X., Lu, S., Gao, S., Hu, J., Liu, Q., & Sun, X. A-site perovskite oxides: an emerging functional material for electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(11), (2021), 6650–6670.
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24He, Y., Zhang, L., Xiong, H., & Kang, X. Evolution of lattice defects in nickel ferrite spinel: Oxygen vacancy and cation substitution. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 917, (2022), 165494.
25Sunarso, J., Hashim, S. S., Zhu, N., & Zhou, W. Perovskite oxides applications in high-temperature oxygen separation, solid oxide fuel cell and membrane reactor: A review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 61, (2017). 57–77.
26Batool, R., Gill, R., Altaf, F., Ahmad, M. A., Raza, R., Khan, M. A., Hussain, F., Rehman, Z. U., & Abbas, G. Structural and electrochemical study of Ba0.15Cu0.15Ni0.10Zn0.60 oxide anode for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 780, (2019), 653–659.
27Lim, Y., Hong, S., Jang, K., Yang, H., Hwang, S., Kim, T., & Kim, Y. High-Performance Ni/Pt Composite Catalytic Anode with Ultra-Low Pt Loading for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 7(1), (2019), 141–150.
28Sailaja, J. M., Murali, N., Margarette, S., Jyothi, N. K., Rajkumar, K., & Veeraiah, V. Chemically stable proton conducting doped BaCeO3 by citrate-EDTA complexing sol-gel process for the solid oxide fuel cell. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 26, (2018), 61–69.
29Hashemi, S., Dayaghi, A. M., Askari, M., & Gannon, P. E. Sol-gel synthesis of Mn1.5Co1.5O4 spinel nanopowders for coating applications. Materials Research Bulletin, 102, (2018), 180–185.
30Nafisah, O., Abdullah, A. S., Zulkifli, W. Z. W., Somalu, M. R., Muchtar, A., Jani, A. M. M., & Hassan, O. H. Sol-Gel synthesis of solid solution based on Cerate-Zirconate ceramics. Diffusion and Defect Data, Solid State Data. Part B, Solid State Phenomena/Solid State Phenomena, 290, (2019), 29–34.
31Zhukov, A., Chizhevskaya, S., & Panov, V. Nanostructured YAG and ER: YAG powders synthesized via Glycine–Nitrate technique for optically transparent ceramics. Combustion Science and Technology, 193(1), (2019), 126–141.
32Yıldız, Ö., Soydan, A., Ata, A., Tunaboylu, B., Akın, D., & İpcizade, E. Properties of Ceria-based novel anode nanopowders synthesized by Glycine-Nitrate process. Acta Physica Polonica A, 123(2), (2013), 432–435.
33Ahsan, M., Irshad, M., Fu, P. F., Siraj, K., Raza, R., & Javed, F. The effect of calcination temperature on the properties of Ni-SDC cermet anode. Ceramics International, 46(3), (2020), 2780–2785.
34Rane, A. V., Kanny, K., Abitha, V., & Thomas, S. Methods for synthesis of nanoparticles and fabrication of nanocomposites. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 121–139). (2018).
35Foo, Y. T., Abdullah, A. Z., Horri, B. A., & Salamatinia, B. Optimized Co-Precipitation synthesis condition for oxalate-derived zirconia nanoparticles. Ceramics International, 45(17), (2019), 22930–22939.
36Xi, X., Kondo, A., & Naito, M. Preparation and characterization of Ni-YSZ composite electrode for solid oxide fuel cells by different co-precipitation routes. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 688, (2016), 1047–1052.
37Han, X., Liang, Z., Feng, L., Wang, W., Chen, J., Xue, C., & Zhao, H. Co-precipitated synthesis of Al2O3–ZrO2 composite ceramic nanopowders by precipitant and drying method regulation: A systematic study. Ceramics International, 41(1), (2015), 505–513.
38Ao, H., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Zhou, J., Huang, X., Feng, Z., & Xu, H. Preparation of scandia-stabilized zirconia powder using the microwave-hydrothermal method. Journal of Rare Earths, 33(7), (2015), 746–751.
39Nerat, M. A model of solid oxide fuel cell degradation on a microstructural level. Applied Sciences, 10(6), (2020), 1906.
40Grover, V., Mandal, B. P., & Tyagi, A. K. Solid state synthesis of materials. In Indian Institute of Metals series (pp. 1–49). (2021).
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Published
2026-07-22
How to Cite
1.
Abd HalimNSQ, Baharuddin NA, Mohamad YunusR, SomaluMR. Ni0.4Cu0.6Mn2O4 SPINEL OXIDES: POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUEL-CELL APPLICATIONS. MatTech [Internet]. 2026Jul.22 [cited 2026Oct.11];60(4):485–501. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1450
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