COMPONENT OPTIMIZATION OF g-C3N4/TiO2 HETERO- STRUCTURE COMPOSITE AND ITS ACTIVITY ENHANCEMENT FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RHODAMINE B
Keywords:
hydrothermal synthesis, g-C3N4, TiO2, photocatalysis
Abstract
In this study, g-C3N4/TiO2 heterostructure composites were synthesized using sol–gel and hydrothermal methods. Through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the crystalline phase structure and chemical composition of the composite were confirmed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the g-C3N4 sheets were uniformly dispersed on the block TiO2 particles. Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis/DRS) indicated that the incorporation of g-C3N4 resulted in a narrowing of the forbidden bandwidths of the composites. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further demonstrated that the g-C3N4/TiO2 heterostructure effectively suppressed the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. To evaluate the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction composites, different g-C3N4 loadings were tested for degradation of rhodamine B (RhB). The 7.62 w/% g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction composite exhibited the highest degradation efficiency for RhB dye, with a constant degradation rate that was twice as high as that of pure TiO2. Additionally, experiments on free radical trapping of the composite revealed the crucial role of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and photogenerated holes (h+) in the RhB degradation. Moreover, the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction between g-C3N4 and TiO2 was the main factor in further enhancing the degradation activity of the composite.
References
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2 H.F. Wang, Z.C. Li, S. Yahyaoui, H. Hanafy, M.K. Seliem, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, G.L. Dotto, L. Sellaoui, Q. Li, Effective adsorption of dyes on an activated carbon prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose: experiments, characterization and advanced modelling, Chem. Eng, J. 417 (2021) 11, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128116
3 K. Wannakan, K. Khansamrit, T. Senasu, S.Nanan, Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of a ZnO/BiVO4 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for degradation of the reactive red 141 dye and oxytetracycline antibiotic, ACS Omega, 8 (2023) 4835–4852, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07020
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5 D.Vaya, P.K. Surolia, Semiconductor based photocatalytic degradation of pesticides: an overview, Environ. Technol. Innov., 20 (2020) 25, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101128
6 Y.W. Zhu, Y. Tian, L. Li, J.Q. Hou, Y.L. Huo, T.Q. Sun, J.X. Li, 3DOM N/TiO2 composite modified by CdS QDs with Z-scheme: enhanced photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen evolution, J. Nanopart. Res., 24 (2022) 168, doi: 10.1007/S11051-022-05550-Z
7 G.R. Jia, Y. Wang, X.Q. Cui, W.T. Zheng, Highly carbon-doped TiO2 derived from MXene boosting the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6 (2018) 13480–13486, doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03406
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10 A.E. Mohamed, S. Rohani, Modified TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs): progressive strategies towards visible light responsive photoanode, a review, Energy Environ. Sci., 4 (2011) 1065–1086, doi: 10.1039/c0ee00488j
11 J.J. Xian, D.Z. Li, J. Chen, X.F. Li, M. He, Y. Shao, L.H. Yu, J.L. Fang, TiO2 nanotube array-graphene-CdS quantum dots composite film in Z-scheme with enhanced photoactivity and photostability, Acs Appl. Mater. Inter., 6 (2014) 13157–13166, doi: 10.1021/am5029999
12 N. Wang, L. Cheng, Y.L. Liao, Q.J. Xiang, Effect of functional group modifications on the photocatalytic performance of CN, Small, 19 (2023) 17, doi: 10.1002/smll.202300109
13 L. Zhou, L.Z. Wang, J.L. Zhang, J.Y. Lei, Y.D. Liu, The preparation, and applications of g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction catalysts-a review, Res. Chem. Intermediat., 43 (2017) 2081–2101, doi: 10.1007/s11164-016-2748-8
14 S.H. Liu, C.L. Wang, Y. Song, B.L. Yan, B. Ai, K.F. Pan, L.P. Zhang, Fabrication of a hybrid phase TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction composite with enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB under visible light, New J. Chem., 47 (2023) 8170–8181, doi: 10.1039/d3nj00926b
15 Z.A. Huang, Q. Sun, K. Lv, Z. Zhang, M. Li, B. Li, Effect of contact interface between TiO2 and g-C3N4 on the photoreactivity of g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalyst: (001) vs (101) facets of TiO2, Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 164 (2015) 420–427, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.043
16 H. Li, X. Wu, S. Yin, K. Katsumata, Y. Wang, Effect of rutile TiO2 on the photocatalytic performance of CN/brookite-TiO2-xNy photocatalyst for NO decomposition, Appl. Surf. Sci., 392 (2017) 531–539, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.09.075
17 R. Acharya, K. Parida, A review on TiO2/g-C3N4 visible-light- responsive photocatalysts for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 8 (2020) 21, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.103896
18 B. Gao, J. Wang, M. Dou, C. Xu, X. Huang, Enhanced photocatalytic removal of amoxicillin with Ag/TiO2/mesoporous CN under visible light: property and mechanistic studies, J. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 27 (2020) 7025–7039, doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-07112-8
19 S. Zhao, S. Chen, H. Yu, Q. Xie, g-C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst with wide absorption wavelength range and effective photogenerated charge separation, J. Sep. Purif. Technol., 99 (2012) 50–54, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.08.024
20 H. Tang, S. Chang, L. Jiang, G. Tang, W. Liang, Novel spindle-shaped nanoporous TiO2 coupled graphitic g-C3N4 nanosheets with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, J. Ceram. Int., 42 (2016) 18443–18452, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.179
21 Y. Liu, M. Ren, X. Zhang, G. Yang, L. Qin, J. Meng, Y. Guo, Supramolecule self-assembly approach to direct Z-scheme TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic degradation of emerging phenolic pollutants, J. Appl. Surf. Sci., 15 (2022) 593
22 W. Zhao, Y. Guo, Y. Faiz, W.T. Yuan, C. Sun, S.M. Wang, Y.H. Deng, Y. Zhuang, Y. Li, X.M. Wang, Facile in-suit synthesis of Ag/AgVO3 one-dimensional hybrid nanoribbons with enhanced performance of plasmonic visible-light photocatalysis, J. Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 163 (2015) 288–297, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.015
23 Y.J. Zhang, X.C. Ren, L.H. Yang, Z.Y. Chen, Z-scheme TiO2/g-C3N4 composites prepared by hydrothermal assisted thermal polymerization with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity, J. Res. Chem. Intermediat., 47(2021) 1503–1518, doi: 10.1007/s11164-020-04379-2
24 M.L. Matias, A.S.R. Machado, J. Rodrigues, T. Calmeiro, J. Deuermeier, A. Pimentel, E. Fortunato, R. Martins, Microwave synthesis of Visible-Light-Activated g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalysts, J. Nanomaterials., 13 (2023) 1090, doi: 10.3390/nano13061090
25 W. Wang, H. Zhou, Y. Liu, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, G. Wang, H. Zhang, H. Zhao, Formation of BNC coordination to stabilize the exposed active nitrogen atoms in g-C3N4 for dramatically enhanced photocatalytic ammonia synthesis performance, Small, 16 (2020) e1906880, doi: 10.1002/smll.201906880
26 X.Y. Wang, J.Q. Meng, X.Y. Zhang, Y.Q. Liu, M. Ren, Y.X. Yang, Y.H. Guo, Controllable approach to carbon-deficient and oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride: Robust photocatalyst against recalcitrant organic pollutants and the mechanism insight, J. Adv. Funct. Mater., 31 (2021) 2010763, doi: 10.1002/adfm.202010763
27 Y. Cao, G. Yuan, Y. Guo, X. Hu, G. Fang, S. Wang, Facile synthesis of TiO2/g-C3N4 nanosheet heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tartrazine under simulated sunlight, J. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2022, 600, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.154169
28 M. Nawaz, W. Miran, J. Jang, D.S. Lee, Stabilization of Pickering emulsion with surface-modified titanium dioxide for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Direct Red 80, J. Catal. Today., 282 (2017) 38–47, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.02.017
29 B. Kholikov, J. Hussain, H. Zeng, Gold modifed TiO2/g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic activities to evolved H2 fuel, J. Inorg. Chem. Commun., 6 (2021) 108787, doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108787
30 A.A. Alothman, A. Ayub, S.K. Hachim, B.M. Mohammed, F. Hussain, M. Altaf, Z.J. Kadhim, H.A. Lafta, Y.S. Alnassar, M.A. Shams, N.A. Almuhous, M. Ouladsmane, M. Sillanpaa, Facile synthesis and comparative study of the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of two selected dyes by TiO2-g-C3N4 composite, J. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 30 (2022) 37332–37343, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24839-z
31 K.S.W. Sing, Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984), J. Pure. Appl. Chem., 57 (1985) 603–619, doi: 10.1351/pac198557040603
32 Q. Zhou, L. Li, Z. Xin, Y. Yu, L. Wang, W. Zhang, Visible light response and het-erostructure of composite CdS@ZnS-ZnO to enhance its photocatalytic activity, J. Alloys Compd., 813 (2019) 152–190, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152190
33 M.Q. Tian, J.J. Wang, R.J. Sun, D.Z. Lu, N. Li, T.J. Liu, M. Yao, G.Q. Zhang, L.B. Li, Facile synthesis of rod-like TiO2-based composite loaded with g-C3N4 for efficient removal of high-chroma organic pollutants based on adsorption-photocatalysis mechanism, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 141(2022), doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109517
34 R. Liu, X. Han, R. Liu, Z. Qi, B.Q. Ren, Y. Sun, Molecularly imprinted Fe3O4/g-C3N4/TiO2 catalyst for selective photodegradation of chlorotetracycline, COLLOID SURFACE A, 680 (2024), doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132691
35 C.J. Wang, X. Liu, W.J. He, Y.L. Zhao, Y.C. Wei, J. Xiong, J. Liu, J.M. Li, W.Y. Song, X. Zhang, Z. Zhao, All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalysts of g-C3N4/Pt/macroporous-(TiO2@carbon) for selective boosting visible-light-driven conversion of CO2 to CH4, J. Catal., 389 (2020) 440–449
36 S.S. Ren, J.H. Dong, X.Y. Duan, T.T. Cao, H.B. Yu, Y. Lu, D.D. Zhou, A novel (Zr/Ce) UiO-66 (NH2) @g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction for boosted tetracycline photodegradation via effective electron transfer, Chem. Eng. J., 460 (2023), doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.141884
37 W. Wang, J. Fang, S. Shao, M. Lai, C. Lu, Compact and uniform TiO2@g-C3N4 core-shell quantum heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, Appl Catal B-Environ, 217 (2017) 57–64, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.05.037
Published
2025-02-06
How to Cite
1.
Cao Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Gao X, Chen S, Cheng S, Yu Y, Li L. COMPONENT OPTIMIZATION OF g-C3N4/TiO2 HETERO- STRUCTURE COMPOSITE AND ITS ACTIVITY ENHANCEMENT FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RHODAMINE B. MatTech [Internet]. 2025Feb.6 [cited 2025Mar.25];59(1):113–124. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1251
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