INFLUENCE OF MICROALLOYING AND THE THERMOMECHANICAL METHOD OF PROCESSING ON THE COMMINUTION OF THE COPPER STRUCTURE
Keywords:
Cu-Fe-P, microalloying, plastic processing, mechanical and structural characteristics
Abstract
Copper, as a basic element, was alloyed with iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P). This paper presents the results of the copper structure comminution in the Cu-Fe-P alloy, with the chemical composition containing 0.003 w/% and 0.014 w/% of Fe and P, respectively, and with certain mechanical and structural characteristics. A homogeneous Cu-Fe-P alloy was synthesized to generate certain mechanical and structural properties, meeting the strict requirements of industry. These requirements refer to Vickers hardness (HV10) which should be from 45 to 70, tensile strength (Rm) with a minimum of 230 N/mm2, relative elongation (A) with a minimum of 40 %, and number of grains (Kz) of around 4000 grains/mm2. In order to achieve the required conditions, a series of samples of the mentioned alloy were tested. Molten, chemically homogenized material was subjected to an extrusion process. Also, to achieve the above characteristics, cold processing (rolling) was used with deformation degrees of (10, 30, 50, 75, 80) %. Recrystallization annealing, for the purpose of creating a fine-grained structure, was done at 450 °C in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen, with annealing times of (35, 90, and 150) min. The results indicated that optimal conditions for the required mechanical and structural characteristics of the material were achieved at a deformation degree of 80 %, an annealing time of 150 minutes and a temperature of 450 °C.
References
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2M. Wang, R. Zhang, Z. Xiao, S. Gong, Y.B. Jiang, Z. Li, Microstructure and properties of Cu-10 wt%Fe alloy produced by double melt mixed casting and multi-stage thermomechanical treatment, J. Alloys Compd., 820 (2020) 153323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153323
3F. Yang, L.M. Dong, L.C. Zhou, N. Zhang, X.F. Zhou, X.D. Zhang, F. Fang, Excellent strength and electrical conductivity achieved by optimizing the dual-phase structure in cu–Fe wires, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 849 (2022) 143484, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.msea.2022.143484
4Y.J. Ding, Z. Xiao, M. Fang, S. Gong, J. Dai, Microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-scale α-Fe reinforced Cu–Fe composite produced by vacuum suction casting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 864 (2023) 144603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. msea.2023.144603
5Y.Z. Tian, S.Y. Peng, Y. Yang, X.Y. Pang, S. Li, M. Jiang, H.X. Li, J.W. Wang, G.W. Qin, Attaining exceptional electrical conductivity in Cu-Fe composite by powder rolling strategy, Scr. Mater. 227 (2023) 115302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scriptamat.2023.115302
6Y.D. Li, X.B. Yuan, B.B. Yang, X.J. Ye, P. Zhang, H.Y. Lang, Q. Lei, J.T. Liu, Y.P. Li, Hierarchical microstructure and strengthening mechanism of Cu-36.8Fe alloy manufactured by selective laser melting, J. Alloys Compd. 895 (2021) 162701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162701
7G.A. Jerman, I.E. Anderson, J.D. Verhoeven, Strength and electrical conductivity of deformation-processed Cu-15 vol pct Fe alloys produced by powder metallurgy techniques, Metall. Trans. A. 24 (1993) 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02669600
8C.Z. Zhang, C.G. Chen, P. Li, M.J. Yan, Q. Qin, F. Yang, W.W. Wang, Z.M. Guo, A.A. Volinsky, Microstructure and properties evolution of rolled powder metallurgy Cu-30Fe alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 909 (2022) 164761, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jallcom.2022.164761
9S.F. Abbas, K.T. Park, T.S. Kim, Effect of composition and powder size on magnetic properties of rapidly solidified copper-iron alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 741 (2018) 1188–1195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.245
10H. Wei, Y. Cui, H. Cui, C. Zhou, L. Hou, Y. H. Wei, Evolution of grain refinement mechanism in Cu-4wt.%Ti alloy during surface mechanical attrition treatment, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 763 (2018) 835-843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.043
11Z.L. Li, H. Tian, H.J. Dong, X.J. Guo, X.G. Song, H.Y. Zhao, J.C. Feng, The nucleation-controlled intermetallic grain refinement of Cu-Sn solid-liquid interdiffusion wafer bonding joints induced by addition of Ni particles, Scripta Materialia, 156 (2018) 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.07.006
12X.H. Feng, Y.J. Li, T.J. Luo, L.H. Li, Y. Wu, M. Zhong, Y.S. Yang Influence of temperature conditions on grain refinement of pure Cu solidified with low-voltage pulsed magnetic field, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 30 (2017) 1, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2016.1158963
13G. Zaher, I. Lomakin, N. Enikeev, S. Jouen, A. Saiter, X. Sauvage, Influence of strain rate and Sn in solid solution on the grain refinement and crystalline defect density in severely deformed Cu, Materials Today Communications, 26 (2021) 101746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101746
14G. Chen, K.D. Liss, C. Chen, Y. He, X. Qu, P. Cao, Porous FeAl alloys via powder sintering: Phase transformation, microstructure and aqueous corrosion behavior, Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 86 (2021) 64-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.029
15L.L. Fang, B.L. Zhang, J.C. Deng, N. Yao, Influence of current density on the characteristics of diamond grains-nickel super-thin cutting blade fabricated by electrotyping, International Journal of Abrasive Technology, 1 (2007) 2, 231-238, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAT.2007.015386
16C. Zhang, C. Chen, R. Ma, M. Yan, H. Zhang, F. Liu, F. Yang, Z. Guo, X. Liu, Simultaneous enhancement of the mechanical and electrical properties of Cu–20Fe alloys by introducing phosphorus, Materials Characterization 209 (2024) 113711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2024.113711
17M. Wang, Y. Jiang, Z. Li, Z. Xiao, S. Gong, W. Qiu, Q. Lei, Microstructure evolution and deformation behaviour of Cu-10wt%Fe alloy during cold rolling, Materials Science and Engineering: A 801 (2021) 140379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140379
18M. Wang, R. Zhang, Z. Xiao, S. Gong, Y.B. Jiang, Z. Li, Microstructure and properties of Cu−10wt.%Fe alloy produced by double melt mixed casting and multi-stage thermomechanical treatment, Journal of Alloy and Compounds, 820 (2020) 153323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153323
19C.P. Wang, X.J. Liu, Y. Takaku, I. Ohnuma, R. Kainuma, K. Ishida, Formation of core-type macroscopic morphologies in Cu−Fe base alloys with liquid miscibility gap, Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 35 (2004) 1243−1253, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0298-y
20M. Wang, Y. Jiang, Z. Li, Z. Xiao, S. Gong, W. Qiu, Q. Lei (2021). Microstructure evolution and deformation behaviour of Cu-10wt%Fe alloy during cold rolling. Materials Science and Engineering: A 801 (2021) 140379,
21B. Kočovski, Bakar i bakarne legure, (1991), Institut za bakar Bor.
22J. Wang, M. Enomoto, C. Shang, First-principles study on the P-induced embrittlement and de-embrittling effect of B and C in ferritic steels, Acta Materialia, 219 (2021) 117260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117260
23 ASTM E112-10: Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
24C. Wen, Y. Qiu, Z. Zhang, K. Li, C. Deng, L. Hu, D. Chen, Y. Lu, S. Zhou, Deformation behavior of heterogeneous lamellar Cu-Fe-P immiscible alloys with enhanced strength and ductility produced by laser powder bed fusion. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 971 (2024) 172675, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172675
25M. Zhou, X. Yun, H. Fu, Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, A Comparative Study on Flat and U-Shaped Copper Strips Produced by Continuous Extrusion, Materials, 15 (2022) 4405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134405
26B. Rouxel, C. Cayron, J. Bornand, P. Sanders, E.R. Logé, Micro-addition of Fe in highly alloyed Cu-Ti alloys to improve both formability and strength. Materials & Design, 213 (2022) 110340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110340
27H. Yu, Y. Zeng, R. Hong, Influence of Fe Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu Alloys, Material Sci. (2021) 3(1):10, https://doi.org/10.35702/msci.10010
28Q. Dong, L. Shen, M. Wang, Y. Jia, Z. Li, F. Cao, C. Chen, Microstructure and properties of Cu−2.3Fe−0.03P alloy during thermomechanical treatments, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 25 (2015) 1551−1558, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63757-8
29S. Sun, T. Li, Effect of cold rolling process on microstructure and properties of T1 Copper sheet, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1605 (2020) 012132, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1605/1/012132
30B.T. Sofyan, I. Basori, Effects of deformation and annealing temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Cu-32%Zn brass, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 11 (4) (2016) 2741-2745.
31H. Peregrina-Barreto, I.R. Terol-Villalobos, J.J. Rangel-Magdaleno, A.M. Herrera-Navarro, L.A. Morales-Hernández, F. Manríquez-Guerrero, Automatic grain size determination in microstructures using image processing. Measurement 46 (2013) 249–258.
32X. Yuna, M. Zhou, T. Tian, Y. Zhao, Continuous extrusion and rolling forming technology of copper strip manufacture, MATEC Web of Conferences 21, 03004 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20152103004
33H. Lawrence, V.Vlack, 1980, Elements of Material Science & Engineering, 4th Edition, Addison Wesley.
34F.H. William, M.C. Robert, 1983, Metal Forming: Mechanics and Metallurgy, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.
Published
2025-02-04
How to Cite
1.
Mitrović M, Trumić B, Marjanović S, Šteharnik M, Krstić V. INFLUENCE OF MICROALLOYING AND THE THERMOMECHANICAL METHOD OF PROCESSING ON THE COMMINUTION OF THE COPPER STRUCTURE. MatTech [Internet]. 2025Feb.4 [cited 2025Mar.25];59(1):11–20. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1171
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