FORMABILITY CAPABILITIES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM TAILOR-WELDED BLANKS
Keywords:
titanium, formability, laser welding, mechanical strength, tailored welded blanks
Abstract
Titanium alloys have many applications in aerospace, nuclear and automotive industries and in most parts are in sheet form and require joints of high integrity to meet the design requirements and achieve reliable welds. For weight and cost reduction, the technology of tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) is a promising technology in various components. TWBs are usually semi-finished metallic sheets made of different strengths, materials, and/or thicknesses and a forming process is often needed to manufacture the final components. In this paper, Grade-2 and Grade-5 titanium alloy sheets (Ti-TWBs) were laser welded and subjected to a forming process in U-profile geometry at elevated temperatures. The deformation behaviors of the weld joints after forming process were analyzed by mechanical tests such as tensile and hardness tests. The formability of the welded blanks is assessed based on variations in the geometric changes related to the springback angles. The results showed that there was significant increase in tensile strength with forming temperature increase and the failure mode was changed at 850 °C. The formability of the Ti-TWBs was found to be strongly dependent on the applied process temperatures and forming at 850 °C leads to the lowest springback angle.
References
1-Wei, K., Zeng, X., Li, F., Liu, M., & Deng, J. (2020). "Microstructure and mechanical property of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn/Ti-6Al-4V dissimilar titanium alloys integrally fabricated by selective laser melting." Journal of Materials (JOM), 72, 1031-1038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-2019-03988-6.
2- Williams, J.C., & Boyer, R.R. (2020). "Opportunities and issues in the application of titanium alloys for aerospace components." Metals, 10(6), 705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060705.
3- Jackson, M. (2015). "Automotive Applications for Titanium." In D. Crolla, D.G. Foster, T. Kobayashi, & N. Vaughan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, p. 3441.
4- Badr, O.M., Rolfe, B., Hodgson, P., & Weiss, M. (2015). "Forming of high strength titanium sheet at room temperature." Materials & Design, 66(B), 618-626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.008.
5- Beal, J.D., Boyer, R., Sanders, D. (2006). Forming of Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Volume 14B, Metalworking, Sheet Forming ASM Handbook. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005146
6- Chirinda, G., & Matope, S. (2020). "The Lighter the Better: Weight Reduction in the Automotive Industry and its Impact on Fuel Consumption and Climate Change." Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, 7-10 December 2020.
7- Kumar, A., & Gautam, V. (2021). "Formability of tailor welded blanks of high strength steel: A review." Materials Today: Proceedings, 46(15), 6547-6551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.016.
8- Sachdev, A.K., Kulkarni, K., Fang, Z.Z., Yang, R., & Girshov, V. (2012). " Titanium for Automotive Applications: Challenges and Opportunities in Materials and Processing." Journal of Materials (JOM), 64, 553-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-012-0310-8.
9- Adamus, J., & Lacki, P. (2014). " Analysis of forming titanium welded blanks." Computational Materials Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.01.055.
10- Winowiecka, J., Więckowski, W., & Zawadzki, M. (2013). " Evaluation of drawability of tailor-welded blanks made of titanium alloys Grade 2 || Grade 5." Computational Materials Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.04.026.
11- Lai, C.P., Chan, L.C., & Chow, C.L. (2007). "Effects of tooling temperatures on formability of titanium TWBs at elevated temperatures." Journal of Materials Processing Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.094.
12- Karpagaraj, A., Shanmugam, N.S., & Sankaranarayanasamy, K. (2016). " Studies on mechanical behavior and microstructural analysis of tailor welded blanks of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet." Journal of Materials Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.152.
13- Spöttl, M., & Mohrbacher, H. (2014). " Laser-based manufacturing concepts for efficient production of tailor welded sheet metals." Advances in Manufacturing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-014-0088-8.
14- Torkamany, M.J., Ghaini, F.M., & Poursalehi, R. (2014). " Dissimilar pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of pure niobium to Ti–6Al–4V." Materials and Design. 53, 915-920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.094.
15- Baeslack, W.A., Becker, D.W., & Froes, F.H. (1984). " Advances in Titanium Alloy Welding Metallurgy." Journal of Materials (JOM), 36, 46-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338455.
16- Mazumder, J. (1982). " Laser Welding: State of the Art Review." Journal of Materials (JOM). 34, 16-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338045.
17- Bobade, S.A., & Badgujar, T.Y. (2017). "Tailor welded Blanks (TUBs) for a Sheet Metal Industry: An Overview." International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 3(3), pp. 3771-3779.
18- Gao, X.L., Zhang, L.J., Liu, J., & Zhang, J.X. (2013). " A comparative study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding and TIG welding of thin Ti6Al4V titanium alloy plate." Materials Science and Engineering: A. 559, 14-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.016.
19- Yunlian, Q., Ju, D., Quan, H., & Liying, Z. (2000). " Electron beam welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of titanium sheet." Materials Science and Engineering: A. 280(1), 177-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00662-0.
20- Sönmez, M., & Topuz, P. (2021). " Effect of TIG welding parameters in joining grade 2 pure titanium." Materials Testing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0071.
21- Paranthaman, V., Dhinakaran, V., Sai, M.S., & Devaraju, A. (2020). " A systematic review of fatigue behaviour of laser welding titanium alloys." Materials Today: Proceedings. 39(1), 520-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.249.
22- Sen, M. and Kurt, M. (2022) Laser and TIG welding of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts. Materials Testing, Vol. 64 (Issue 5), pp. 656-666. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2165
23- Kumar, U., Patel, D., Zaffar, Z., Gope, D.K., Chattopadhyaya, S., Das, A.K., & Biswal, M.K. (2018). " Experimental and numerical investigation of temperature distribution and analysis of mechanical properties during pulsed Nd-YAG laser welding of thin Ti6Al4V alloy." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012158.
24- Quazi, M.M., Ishak, M., Fazal, M.A., Arslan, A., Rubaiee, S., Qaban, A., Aiman, M.H., Sultan, T., Ali, M.M., & Manladan, S.M. (2020). " Current research and development status of dissimilar materials laser welding of titanium and its alloys." Optics and Laser Technology. Vol.126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106090.
25- Fomin, F., Froend, M., Ventzke, V., Alvarez, P., Bauer, S., & Kashaev, N. (2018). " Metallurgical aspects of joining commercially pure titanium to Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a T-joint configuration by laser beam welding." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 97, 2019–2031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1968-z.
26- Li, H., Chen, S.F., Zhang, S.H., Xu, Y., & Song, H.W. (2022). " Deformation Characteristics, Formability and Springback Control of Titanium Alloy Sheet at Room Temperature: A Review." Materials (Basel). 15(16), 5586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165586.
27- Ramadass, R., Sambasivam, S., & Nagaraj, V.V. (2022). "Formability studies on titanium grade 2 sheet using Erichsen Cupping test." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6(3), pp. 974–5823.
28- Zhu, J., Nunnally, A., Gau, J.T., & Xu, S. (2020). " A Study of Improving the Formability of the Commercial Pure Titanium Foils." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 142(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046368.
29- Campanella, D., Buffa, G., Hassanin, A.E., Squillace, A., Gagliardi, F., Filice, L., & Fratini, L. (2022). " Mechanical and microstructural characterization of titanium gr.5 parts produced by different manufacturing routes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 122, 741–759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09876-9.
30- Ertan, R., & Çetin, G. (2021). " Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties, microstructure, and springback of Ti-6Al-4V sheets." Revista de Metalurgia. Vol. 57(4) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.209.
31- Tekin, M., Ertan, R. and Özgül, H. (2022) Forming evolution of titanium grade2 sheets. Materials Testing, Vol. 64 (Issue 1), pp. 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2004
32- Lai, C.P. (2014). "Failure analysis of titanium tailor-welded blanks under multi-stage forming process." Ph.D. thesis, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
33- Adamus, J., Lacki, P., & Motyka, M. (2015). "EBW titanium sheets as material for drawn parts." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.04.004.
2- Williams, J.C., & Boyer, R.R. (2020). "Opportunities and issues in the application of titanium alloys for aerospace components." Metals, 10(6), 705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060705.
3- Jackson, M. (2015). "Automotive Applications for Titanium." In D. Crolla, D.G. Foster, T. Kobayashi, & N. Vaughan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, p. 3441.
4- Badr, O.M., Rolfe, B., Hodgson, P., & Weiss, M. (2015). "Forming of high strength titanium sheet at room temperature." Materials & Design, 66(B), 618-626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.008.
5- Beal, J.D., Boyer, R., Sanders, D. (2006). Forming of Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Volume 14B, Metalworking, Sheet Forming ASM Handbook. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005146
6- Chirinda, G., & Matope, S. (2020). "The Lighter the Better: Weight Reduction in the Automotive Industry and its Impact on Fuel Consumption and Climate Change." Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Harare, Zimbabwe, 7-10 December 2020.
7- Kumar, A., & Gautam, V. (2021). "Formability of tailor welded blanks of high strength steel: A review." Materials Today: Proceedings, 46(15), 6547-6551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.016.
8- Sachdev, A.K., Kulkarni, K., Fang, Z.Z., Yang, R., & Girshov, V. (2012). " Titanium for Automotive Applications: Challenges and Opportunities in Materials and Processing." Journal of Materials (JOM), 64, 553-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-012-0310-8.
9- Adamus, J., & Lacki, P. (2014). " Analysis of forming titanium welded blanks." Computational Materials Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.01.055.
10- Winowiecka, J., Więckowski, W., & Zawadzki, M. (2013). " Evaluation of drawability of tailor-welded blanks made of titanium alloys Grade 2 || Grade 5." Computational Materials Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.04.026.
11- Lai, C.P., Chan, L.C., & Chow, C.L. (2007). "Effects of tooling temperatures on formability of titanium TWBs at elevated temperatures." Journal of Materials Processing Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.094.
12- Karpagaraj, A., Shanmugam, N.S., & Sankaranarayanasamy, K. (2016). " Studies on mechanical behavior and microstructural analysis of tailor welded blanks of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet." Journal of Materials Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.152.
13- Spöttl, M., & Mohrbacher, H. (2014). " Laser-based manufacturing concepts for efficient production of tailor welded sheet metals." Advances in Manufacturing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-014-0088-8.
14- Torkamany, M.J., Ghaini, F.M., & Poursalehi, R. (2014). " Dissimilar pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of pure niobium to Ti–6Al–4V." Materials and Design. 53, 915-920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.094.
15- Baeslack, W.A., Becker, D.W., & Froes, F.H. (1984). " Advances in Titanium Alloy Welding Metallurgy." Journal of Materials (JOM), 36, 46-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338455.
16- Mazumder, J. (1982). " Laser Welding: State of the Art Review." Journal of Materials (JOM). 34, 16-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338045.
17- Bobade, S.A., & Badgujar, T.Y. (2017). "Tailor welded Blanks (TUBs) for a Sheet Metal Industry: An Overview." International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 3(3), pp. 3771-3779.
18- Gao, X.L., Zhang, L.J., Liu, J., & Zhang, J.X. (2013). " A comparative study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding and TIG welding of thin Ti6Al4V titanium alloy plate." Materials Science and Engineering: A. 559, 14-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.016.
19- Yunlian, Q., Ju, D., Quan, H., & Liying, Z. (2000). " Electron beam welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of titanium sheet." Materials Science and Engineering: A. 280(1), 177-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00662-0.
20- Sönmez, M., & Topuz, P. (2021). " Effect of TIG welding parameters in joining grade 2 pure titanium." Materials Testing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0071.
21- Paranthaman, V., Dhinakaran, V., Sai, M.S., & Devaraju, A. (2020). " A systematic review of fatigue behaviour of laser welding titanium alloys." Materials Today: Proceedings. 39(1), 520-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.249.
22- Sen, M. and Kurt, M. (2022) Laser and TIG welding of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts. Materials Testing, Vol. 64 (Issue 5), pp. 656-666. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2165
23- Kumar, U., Patel, D., Zaffar, Z., Gope, D.K., Chattopadhyaya, S., Das, A.K., & Biswal, M.K. (2018). " Experimental and numerical investigation of temperature distribution and analysis of mechanical properties during pulsed Nd-YAG laser welding of thin Ti6Al4V alloy." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012158.
24- Quazi, M.M., Ishak, M., Fazal, M.A., Arslan, A., Rubaiee, S., Qaban, A., Aiman, M.H., Sultan, T., Ali, M.M., & Manladan, S.M. (2020). " Current research and development status of dissimilar materials laser welding of titanium and its alloys." Optics and Laser Technology. Vol.126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106090.
25- Fomin, F., Froend, M., Ventzke, V., Alvarez, P., Bauer, S., & Kashaev, N. (2018). " Metallurgical aspects of joining commercially pure titanium to Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a T-joint configuration by laser beam welding." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 97, 2019–2031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1968-z.
26- Li, H., Chen, S.F., Zhang, S.H., Xu, Y., & Song, H.W. (2022). " Deformation Characteristics, Formability and Springback Control of Titanium Alloy Sheet at Room Temperature: A Review." Materials (Basel). 15(16), 5586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165586.
27- Ramadass, R., Sambasivam, S., & Nagaraj, V.V. (2022). "Formability studies on titanium grade 2 sheet using Erichsen Cupping test." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6(3), pp. 974–5823.
28- Zhu, J., Nunnally, A., Gau, J.T., & Xu, S. (2020). " A Study of Improving the Formability of the Commercial Pure Titanium Foils." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 142(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046368.
29- Campanella, D., Buffa, G., Hassanin, A.E., Squillace, A., Gagliardi, F., Filice, L., & Fratini, L. (2022). " Mechanical and microstructural characterization of titanium gr.5 parts produced by different manufacturing routes." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 122, 741–759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09876-9.
30- Ertan, R., & Çetin, G. (2021). " Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties, microstructure, and springback of Ti-6Al-4V sheets." Revista de Metalurgia. Vol. 57(4) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.209.
31- Tekin, M., Ertan, R. and Özgül, H. (2022) Forming evolution of titanium grade2 sheets. Materials Testing, Vol. 64 (Issue 1), pp. 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2004
32- Lai, C.P. (2014). "Failure analysis of titanium tailor-welded blanks under multi-stage forming process." Ph.D. thesis, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
33- Adamus, J., Lacki, P., & Motyka, M. (2015). "EBW titanium sheets as material for drawn parts." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.04.004.
Published
2024-06-06
How to Cite
1.
Erdogan O, Sevinc S, Ertan R. FORMABILITY CAPABILITIES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM TAILOR-WELDED BLANKS. MatTech [Internet]. 2024Jun.6 [cited 2024Sep.7];58(3):421–427. Available from: https://mater-tehnol.si/index.php/MatTech/article/view/1118
Section
Articles
